Full text of "History of the Twelfth regiment, Pennsylvania reserve volunteer corps (41st regiment of the line), from its muster into the United States service, August 10th, 1861, to its muster out, June 11th, 1864, together with biographical sketches of officers and men and a complete muster-out roll. Compiled from official reports, letters, and other documents"

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Ci)Fn{IGHT DEPOSIT.

HISTORY

OF THE —

TTZSTEIiFTH REGIMENT

Pennsylvania Reserve Volnnteer Corps

(41ST REGIMENT OF THE LINE),

FROM ITS —

Muster into the United States Service, August lOtli, 1861, to its
Muster Out, June lltli, 1864,

TOGETHER WITH

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF OFFICERS AND MEN AND
A COMPLETE MUSTER-OUT ROLL.

Compiled from Official Reports, Letters, and Other Documents.

— BY —

M. D. HARDIN,

Brig. Gen. U. S. Army {retired), late Col. ISth Reserves.

NEW YORK :
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOIfc.GMf '"^^^

1890. ( AUrl9 lfi9i I^VX-

e?^'*

COPTBISHTBD, 1891

bt martin D. HAKDIN.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER.
I

III

VII

Organization of PennsyWania Reserve Volunteer Corps,
Camp Life at Tennallytown and Camp Pierpont,
Battle of Dranesville, December 20, 1861, . - - -

Peninsula Campaign (before arrival of the Reserves), -

Battle of Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862,

Gaines' Mill, Allen's Farm and Savage Station, -

Battle of New Market Cross Roads,

Battle of Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862, and Harrison's Landing,

July 2 to August 11, 1862,

General Pope's Campaign,

South Mountam, Antietam and Fredericksburg, -

Gettysburg Campaign,

Bristoe Station, Rappahannock Station and Mine Run, - XII

Grant's Campaign, Wilderness and Spottsylvania, - - - XIII

IT TV
North Anna and Bethesda Church, ^^ ^

XV
Biographies and Miscellaneous Papers, -^^

VIII

Dranesville (opposite 1st page), HI

ii V

Mechanicsville . - -

New Market X Roads " " '^-

Second Bull Run Camp. " " .... IX

South Mountain " " X

Antietam (opposite 2d p ... X

Fredericksburg " 3d

Bristoe Station " 1st

North Anna " "

Bethesda Church " 2d

General map " last

X
XII
XIV
XIV
XIV

ElSTG-T^.A.'VIlSra-S.

Frontispiece,

Facing 1st page, Chapter XV,

Facing last page, Chapter XV,

IDiven, Grim,

Hardin,
Gustin, Clark.

I Lucas. Hazzard,

Briggs, Thomas,
Croasdale, Hoadley,

Schelling, Jewell, Snyder,

Oliver, Weaver, Myers,
Elder. Rohn. FackenthaL

|HE WEITER is indebted to Colonel J. H. Taggart for infor-
mation furnished; to Major Lucas for much useful informa-
tion, particularly in relation to "C" Company, also for
addresses of officers and men of several companies ; to Colonel Hazzard
for information relating to " F " and " I " Companies, and for biograph-
ical notices, etc.; to both Colonel Hazzard and Major Lucas for
encouragement in his work; to Hon. J. P. GUes for valuable and inter-
esting information relating to " I " Company, Twelfth (" D " 190 Penn.),
which the writer could not otherwise have obtained; to Lieut^iant W.
R. Peacock (First Lieutenant 190 Penn.) for much assistance in account-
ing for final discharge of members of Twelfth Regiment who re-enlisted
as Veterans; to Captain Schelling for valuable notes on the war; to
Lieutenant F. D. Stevens for much assistance in accounting for
members of "I" Company ("D" 190 Penn.), whose muster-out roll
was very defective; to George H. Mason, of "C " Company, for inter-
esting notes ; to Sergeant Johnston for interesting notes ; also to many
other members of the Regiment for information, all of whom he takes
this occasion to thank.

To General Drum, Adjutant-G«neral United States Army, he is
deeply indebted for facilities for studying the records of the war and
examining the rolls of the Twelfth Regiment.

His thanks are also due to all the gentlemen connected with the
War Department with whom he came m contact, for polite attention
and assistance.

Having been refused further access to the records, or information
in regard to the oflScers or men of the Regiment after the " Rebellion
Records" were placed in the possession of Doctor Ainsworth, the writer
apologizes to the members of the Regiment for many incomplete records
of officers and men.

With incomplete records, and no diary to go by, the writer has done
his best. He hopes his companions in arms will excuse all defects.
Having been selected by the Regimental Association to write a history
of the Regiment, he feels more keenly than he otherwise might, these
deficienciee.

CHAPTER I.

ORGANIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE VOLUNTEER

CORPS.

The war between the States— for uud against the Union— was
formally opened by the attack of the South CaroUnians upon Fort
Sumter in Charleston Harbor, S. C, April 12, 1861.

This fort was garrisoned by United States regular artillery under
command of Major Robert Anderson. The great majority of the people
of the North and Northwest, and a small majority of the inhabitants
of the Border States, believed, until this attack was made on Govern-
ment ti-oops, that some compromise would be adopted which would
settle the difficulties or differences which had arisen between the
sections of the Union on account of Slavery, which then existed in the
Border and Southern States. However, the fires which had been
started in Nullification times, in South Carohna, on account of the
tariff, which were extinguished by General Jackson, were renewed
under new political leaders ; and. secession, on account of the agita-
tion for the Umitation or extinction of slavery, was so pei-sistently
advocated by extremists, especiaUy in South Carolina, that M-heu Mr.
Lincoln was legally elected president, on a non-extension of slavery
platform, and the greater number of the pohtical leaders of the
Southern States advocated secession as the only means of saving that
section of the Union from subjection to the Northern portion, tlie
majority of the white people of the seceding (Southern or Cotton)
States and nearly one-lialf of the inhabitants of the Border States wc->r^>
ready to follow such leaders out of the Union.

The Southern people had been for years grossly deceived by tlieir
political leaders as to the character of their fellow citizens of the
North, and of their feelings toward them. The Northern people had
been represented as all being violent Abolitionists, ready to destroy
the Union in order to extinguish slavery: and, at the same time, as a
set of cowardly traders, who under no circumstances could be induo^d

to fight, while on the other luuid, the jcople <>f the Northern .States
helieved tlie Soutliern peo]ile would only hluster, make a great fiiss
and tlien, linally, accept some (("inproiiiise which would prevent the
extension of slavery, and gradually put iui ( nd to it.

Prohably some such compromise could Jiave been etfwted had tlie
extremists on both sides been willing to wait.

However, the war was pobsibly inevitable to i)iiiiish our people for
inaugurating African slavery in our country.

An < verwhelming majority of the inhal)itants of the Middle and of the
Northw(>stern States, and a majority of the people of the New England
and of the Border States were profoundly attached to the Union. They
were ready to preserve it at any cost.

Such bt^ing the state of affairs, it only required the decided action of
a small party or force to inaugurate the war which followed. The firing
upon and subsequent surrender of Fort Sumter aroused the feelings of
the Union-loving inhabitants of the North and Bord r States to fever
heat, and literally millions of men dropped everything to save the Union.
Never was there greater unanimity amongst a people than existed
throughout the whole Nortli immediately after the fall of Fort Sumter.

The first military as well as political blunder of the new Adminis-
tration was the failure to take advantage of this enthusiasm, that is. if
the Administration were honest in its ex2jressed desire to suppress the
Rebellion as quickly as possible. So much has been written by the close
friends of the Administration since the war, in regard to the freeing of
the slaves, and so little in relation to the preservation of the Union, the
latter always being spoken of as incidental or subordinate to the former,
suspicion arises as to the honest desire of the Administration to have
had the Rebellion suppressed suddenly, which, of course, would have
left slavery still existing.

Tlie war was inaugiu-ated on the part of the people of the North for
the preservation of the Union. But the slavery question became so
prominent in a political point of view, it is feared the greater question,
the indissolubility of the Union, is regarded by many as still in abeyance.

" On the 16th of Ajnil, 1861, General Patterson, commanding the
Pennsylvania troops at Harper's Ferry, requested Governor Curtin to
call out twenty-five additional regiments of infantry and one of cavalry,
to serve for three months and to be mustered into the service of the United
States. Immediately upon receipt of this request the summons to arms
was telegraphed to every part of the State, and men were organized in

a day and started for the State Capitol. TiL.> authorities at Washington,
however, had in tlie meantime determined not to receive any addi-
tional regiments to serve for three montlis. and hence the order of
General Patterson was countermanded Aytvil 80, 1861. In response to
this call companies were dail,\- arriving at Harrisburg from every direc-
tion, and the State was literally swarming with troops wjiich the War
Department would not receive. The Governor wa.",, therefore, the more
earnest in recommending that the Legislature should provide for the
innnediate organization of these companies in a manner that would
render them available in case the public safety required their service
and also to allay the clamor of the men who had been stopped in the
middle of their march. * * *" The act authorizing the organization
of the Reserve Corps became a law May 15, ISCl. As finally passed it
contained the following provisions : " That the Commander-in-Chief, in
conjunction with the officers composing the grand staff of th.e miliria of
the Conimonwealth, are hereby authorized and required to organize a
Military Corps, to be called the Reserve Volunteer Corps of the Common-
wealth, to be composed of thirteen regiments of infantry, one regiment
of cavalry, and one regiment of light artillery. The said regiments
shall severally be composed of companies of like numbe--, and to be armed
and equipped, clothed, disciplined, governed and officered as similar
troops in the service of the United States, and shall be enlisted in the
service of the State for a period not exceeding three years or for the
war, unless sooner discharged, and shall be liable to be called into the
service of this State at such time as the Commander-in-Chief may deem
their services necessary for the purpose of suppressing insuiTection, or
to repel invasions, and further to be liable to be mustered into the ser-
vice of the United States at such times as requisition may be made by
the President of the United States. That the Commander-in-Chief, in
conjunction with the officers aforesaid, shall cause two or more camps of
instruction, not exceeding eight, to be formed in different sections of the
State, for the accommodation and instruction of said troops ; and the
Governor shall appoint suitable officers or drill masters with the rank
and pay of captains, whose duty it shall be to instruct said troops in the
military art, conforming as near as may be to the plan of instruction,
rules, regulations and discipline adopted for similar troops in the service
of the United States. That the Commander-in-Chief shall cause the
troops aforesaid to be drilled and instructed in such encampments for
and during such periods of time as he may deem necessary to perfect

ilieni iu inilitav}- art. That the sevtral companies and regiments com-
l>osing said volunteer corps shall be entitled to elect, and the Governor
sliall commission olficers similar in number and rank to those allowed
like troops in the army of the United States. Provided, that the Gover-
.nor i^hall have power to appoint and commission chaplains for f-aid corps
and to designate their rank. That no troops sliall be kept in cajnp
longer than three months at any one time, except the Governor shall,
uixin the expiration of three months, deem the longer continuance of
said troops necessary for the protection of the Commonwealth, or sliall
have a requisition for troops from the President of the United States.
That the Commander-in-Chief, in conjunction with the grand staff as
aforesaid, are hereby authorized and empowered to make and adopt all
needful rules and regulations for the speedy and efficient organisation
of said Vohmteer Reserve Corj)s, and for arming and equipping the same
with the most approved style of arms and equipments ; and the ofiicers
and rank and file compofirg said volunteer corps shall be sworn or
affirmed to support the Constitution of this State and the Constitution of
the United States."

At the lime of the passage of this act more men than were required
CO fill these regiments had been offered to the Governor. General Mc-
Call was appointed April 16, isfil, Majrr-General under this act. He
graduated at the West Point Military Academy in 1833, had served with
distinction in the Florida war and in the war with Mexico. He had
resigned from the regular army on account of ill health in April, 1853.
The Twelfth Regiment was organized in Camp Cuitin at Harrisburg,
July 25, 1861.. It was formed from the following named companies:
Wayno Guards of Philadelphia, Captain J. H. Taggart, A Company; the
Factoryviile Infantry of Wyoming County, Captain D. N. Mathewson,
B Company; the Troy Guards of Bradford Comity, Captain Richard
Gustin, C Company; tlie Kepner Fencibles of Dauphin County, Captain
Samuel B. Wilt, D Company; the Easton Guards of Northhampton
County, Captain Peter Baldy, E Company; the West Newton Guards of
Westmoreland County, Captain A. G. Oliver, F Company; Bailey's
Invincibies of York County, Captain Samuel N. Bailey, G Company;
the Indiana Coimty Infantry, Captain A. J. Bolar, H Company; the
'McClure Rifles of Franklin County, Captain James S. Eyster, K Com-
pany; the Huntingdon Guards, Captain James C. Baker of Huntingdon
County, subsequently joined as I Company. These companies — the nine
^st mentioned— elected as field offic-ers. Captain J. H. Taggart, Colonel;

captain 8. N. Bailey, Lieuteiiaat-Colonel; and Captaiu TeWr Bakly..
Major. Ami Henrv B. Whisner became Captain of A Company; Cliarles
\V. Divoii, Captaiu of G Company, aud John I. Horn, Captain of E
Company: William H. Tiiorne was ai5;))int?d Sargeon and Isaac I.
Clarke. Assistant Surgeon, and assigned to the Twelfth Regiment.

• The (-(Viipani s composing the Twelfth Regiment, raised piimarily
for the Ihree months' s.n-vice. but not accepted, rendezvoused at Camp
Curtin. " •■ The men Averenmstered into the State service for three

mouths * ■■•' , as a part of the Reserve Corps. They had no previous
military ex])erience, except the ]McClure Rifles of Franklin County, whicli
Imd been attached to the voluuteer militia. Before the regiment was
organized valuable instruction was given by Captain Tarbutton, military
instructor at Camp Curtin, appointed by the Governor." The Twelfth
Regiment was retained after the other regiments of the Reserve Corps
left Camp Curtin, and was ordered to Harrisburg to protect t'.ie State
arsenal from a threatened attack by the three months' troops, disbanded
there during the latter part of July. This delicate duty was pjrformed'
in such a manner as to receive the approval of the Governor and with-
out precipititlng a conflict. An account of this affair by a member of
the regiment says: " The regiment came in from Camp Curtin by a
back street: the three months' men heard of it, then there was a race to-
see who would reach the arsenal first; the Twelfth beat and surrounded,,
with l.;aded muskets, the areenal, after wliich only loud talk followed."
The regiment was mustered into the United States service at Harris-
burg, Pennsylvania, AvigTist 10. ISfil, by Captain Has'ings. United
States Army.

The same date the regiment, in pursuance of orders to pr^)ceeii to
join General Banks at Harper's Ferry, started for Baltimore, Maryland,
arrived at Baltimore August 11, when the order to proceed to Harper's
Ferry was countermanded, aud the regiment was ordered t ) reix)rt to-
General iMcCall at Tennallytown, near Washingtoa, D. C. Tlie regiment,
in pursuance of this last ord^r, arrived at Washington the same day
(August j1) and was quartered in the tlieatre opposite the City Hal!.
The following afternoon (August 12) joincl the Reserve Corps at Ten-
nallytown.

CHAPTER !!.

CAMP LIFE AT TEXNALLYT.)\VN AND CAM\' PIERPONT.
At cu!!!]) noar Teuuallytowu (which is situated on tiu' Rockville
vouil ;i".x)at four miles from Georgetown), (h-ills, parades, pirlcet and
sueli like (Uities occupied the time. Details were made from the com-
mand to build Fort Pennsylvania, afterwards called Fort Reno, in honor
of General Reno, killed at South Mountain, September 14, 186'2. a fort
which became well known at the time of Early's attack on Washing-
ton in June, 1864. The formidable appearance of this large fort, which
was situated ou a cominanding eminence, dominating the country for
miles in its front, had inuch to do with Early's failure to assault this
fortified position. The w-iter (who had the honor to command the
defences of Washington north of the Potomac at this time) has no
doubt that General Early's command could easily have carried these
fortifications had it attacked before the arrival of the Sixth Corps, ou
account of the lack of defenders, the Union line bi^ng held by a small
force of liundred-day men, veteran reserves and convalescents, which
force was posted on the picket line al)out a mile in front of the fort,
there not being sufficient numbers to hold both the forts and picket line.
A small detail to fire the hundred- pounder Parrott rifle, located in an
angle of the fort, and some citizens, constituted the only garrison of this
formidable looking fortification for nearly two days, whilst Early's vet-
-erans maneuvered in front of it.

Sutlers vere peimitted, but their diet of pies and things at camp at
Tennallytowu was regulated by orders, as shown by a regimental order
of August 23, 1861, that " Sale of lemonade, beer, cider, ale, pies, cake,
watermelons, citrons, green corn or cucumbers, forbidden near
camps, on account of increased sickness." August 20 the regiment was
attached to the Third Brigade, Pennsylvania Reserve Corps; the regi-
ments composing the brigade were the Sixth. Nintli, Tenth and Twelfth.
'Colonel ^.^(■C'almont, of the Tenth, conuiianded tlu' brigade. General J.
F. Reynolds commanded the First Brigade and General Meade the Sec-
ond. The Twelfth Regiment continued in this brigade its entire service.

The following' items of intei-est are taken from the regiment.il 'rder
book. Ausrust 24, recruiting officers sent to Pennsylvania: August 37,
inventory of the effects of J. W. Campbell. H company. This appears
to have been the first death in the regiment. September 3. Lieuten.ints
Fletcher and Miller resigned; September 7, officers t^) b-j instructed in
picket duty by Colonel Simmons of the Fifth; FJeptember 6, General
McClellan"s Sunday order received; September 9. order to parade
to receive regimental colors: Septcmbsr 22. lists of officers to be made
for examination by Military Board: September 24, volunteers asked for
regular artillery and cavalry; September 28, command ordered to be
held in readiness to move (first, but not last order of this kind): October
4. corps of pioneers for each regiment formed; two men to a company,
twelve axes, two picks and four spades.

" The men, hearing of skirmishes and other exciting times on the
Virginia side of the Potomac, all welcomed the order to cross to old
Virginny, 'to invade the sacred soil:""' crossed October 10. "Their
ardor was somewhat abated upon their arrival at their camp at Lang-
ley, as it was late at night, and they were obliged to lie out without
shelter in cold and disagreeable weather."

llvre the Reserve division, now fully organized, \\ ent into winter
quarters, occupying the right of the line. The new camp near Langley
was called Camp Pierpont. named for the Union Governor of Virginia.
The division held a long picket line covering its front. It also had to
keep the connection with the Potomac on the northwest. This involved
a great deal of picket duty. As the enemy held a large force in the
vicinity of Leesburg, threatening the right of the army and to cross
into Maryland, the division held a very responsible position, and one
involving ]iot only arduous but careful picket duty and numerous
reconnaissances.

Colonel Bayard (afterwards the distinguished cavalrj' general) com-
manded the division cavalry. First Pennsylvania Cavalry. November
19 General Ord was assigned to command of the Third Brigade.
November 20. order for the grand review of McClellen's army by the
President. A number of officers resigned about this time. Sypher, in
his history of the Reserves, says: " It is noteworthy, that while the
command*: rs of o' her divisions had frequently the mortLfication to report
the loss in capture by the enemy of wagons, artillery, horsf s or men,
the general commanding the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was in every
expedition successful, and on no occasion reported a reverse in Irscom-

mand ftr an accident to hiK trfK)ps." Tliis was inoht probiildy due to tlie
fact that the division, eacli of its brigades, and the cr.vah-y att:ichcd. were
all connnanded by regular army officers who had proved themselver.
efhcient before they were assigned to command in the division, all of
wJiom became greatly distinguished afterward. The Army of the
Potomac produced no 1 etter generals than McCall's brigade and cavalry
<;ommanders. Sypher says: "October 18 General McC'a!l was
directed to move liis command on the following d.iv to Dranesville, to
reconnoitre, map the roads, etc. He was inforined that the enemy had
left Leesburg. that there need be no fear of attack from that direction,
but he was cautioned to look out for his left. Early Saturday (October
19) the troops moved out with two days' cooked rations. At G P. M. the
head of the column halted one and a half miles bej^ond Dranesville, in
the direction of Leesburg. Bayard's cavalry leading, then Reynold's,
then Meade's, then Third Brigade, McCalmont commanding, in rear.
McCall asked to remain till Monday, which was granted. The division
Stat ted back at 10 a. m., Monday. As General McCall was dismounting
at ( "amp Pierpont at 1 p. m. . he i-eceived orders to remain at Dranesville
until further orders. • Two brigades had arrived in t'amp Pierront.
He ttlegraphed : " What shall I do?" He wjis told that he '• .should let
his command rest and be prepared to move at a moment's notice if
requinn]." The men were kept under arms till the next day at 4 P. M.
Colonel Baker was attacked at Eairs Eluff at 4 F. M.. October 21. three
hours after McCall arrived r.t Camp Pierpont. Drills and picket duty
filled up the time until the battle of Dranesville.

CHAPTER nj.

BATTLE OF DRANESVILLE. DECEMBER 2(1. 1S(51.

On l.lu> lOth <!f Dec-ember. 18G1. une of the scouts of the First rtion-

sylvcuiia, Caviih y returned to camp and reported that the enemy vould

he at Dranesville the next day with a strong foraging party urA a

wagon train. Whereupon General McCall sent the following order to

General Ord :

" Headquarters McCalls Divisio:;. |

Camp PiERPONT. Va., ,•

December 19, 18G1. \

General— You will please move in connnand of your Brigade at 6
A. M. to-morrow on the Leesburg Pike, in the direction of DrauesviUe,
tlie First Rifles. Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieutenant-Colonel Kjme
has been ordered to form right in front on the pike near ComnKKiore
Jones" house and aw^ait your arrival, when the commanding officer wBJ
report to you for further orders. Captain Easton"s battery has beao
directed to form on the left of the Rifles. The captain will report to
you for orders. Two squadrons of cavalry will also be placed under
your connnand. The senior officer will report to you this evening tor
orders. Sherman, the guide, will likewise report to you for duty.

The object of this expedition is tw-o-fold. In the first place, to drive
back the enemy's pickets, which have recently advanced within four^ir
five miles of our lines, leaving a force of about seventy cavalry at Hen-
derson's, and carried off two good Union men and threatened othei-s ;
and secondly, to procure a supply of forage. . It has to-day been reported
to me that there is a force of about one hundred cavalry lying between
Dranesville and the river. This force might be captured or routed by
sending a regiment of infantry up the pike beyond their position, to
strike their rear by a ^ank movement to the right, while your dispos-^
able eavalry, after picketing the cross roads near Dickey's might move
ueai- the river and attacli them in front or on the left. Should you not
arrive at Dickey's in time to )nake tliis movement and leave the ground

ou your ivtiiru befurt' uighttall it must not he undertaken, a*; I do not
wi>h any part of your command to remain out over nij^dit. The forage
will be procured at Ciunnell's or at some otlier rank Secessionist's in the
neigJiboihood of Dickey's. Direct your quartermaster to confine the
selection of forage to corn and hay. Captain Hall will have charge of
the wag(.n train. The regiment intended to move forward from
Dickey's (if you think j)roper, .Jackson's,) might ride in the wagons as
far as Dickey's, and then be fresh for the forward movement."

The troops composing General Ord's command for this expedition
consisted of liis own brigade, Sixth Reserves, Lieutenant-Colonel AV. M.
Penrose; Nintli, Colonel C. F. Jackson; Tenth, Colonel J. S. .AlcCa!-
mont, and Twelfth, Colonel J. H. Taggart; also the First Rifles (Buck-
tails), Lieutenant-Colonel Kane ; Easton's battery, two twelve pounders
(heavy), and two twenty-four pounder Howitzers, Captain H. Easton
commanding; and two squadrons of the First Pemisylvania Cavalry,
Lieutenant-Colonel J. Higgins commanding. (The Twelfth Regiment
was composed of nine companies. K Company, a rifle company
specially armed.) At 6 a. m. of the 20th this command began its march,'
the cavalry scouting in front, the Bucktails leading the infantry. Skir-
mishers were thrown out from the infantry regiments to act as flankers,
the march being conducted strictly according to regulations for the move-
ment of an armed reconnaissance in the enemy's country. The Ninth
in wagons followed the Bucktails. then the Tenth, Sixth and Twelfth the
latter in the rear. It was a fine frosty morning, just the weather to
make the men march well, and to prefer marching and fighting to
loitering around camp. General Reynolds, with the First Bri-ade
was directed to move to Difficult Creek, to be ready to support General
Ord m the event of his meeting a force stronger than his own There
was a false alarm at Difficult Creek. General Ord's command halted
there, lunched and then moved on; tlie head of the command reached
Dranesville about 11 a. w.

General Ord reported the action as follows :

'• Camp Pierpont, Va., December 31, '61.
Sm-I have to report tliat, in obedience to the enclosed order I at
6 A M yesterday, started towards Dickey's and Hendersons, about three
miles this side of Dranesville. on the Leesburg Pike, with mv brigade, the
First Rifles, Lieutenant-Colonel Kane; Easton's battery and two
sqtiadrons of cavalry. I likewise heard that it was probable there waa

a respectable picket of cavuli y at Diiu.ebvillc, and that the picket sup-
posed by you to be near the river behind Dickey's had left. I then
^letermined to send three companits of the Tenth and Twentj' cav-
alry with the foraging party to Gunnell's, between the pike and the
river, and with the remainder of the force to proceed to Dranesville,
satisfied that, though I might be exceeding the letter of iny instruc-
tions, should I find the enemy and pick up a few you would not object.
This I did, though Colonel McCalmont, hearing that there was a large
force on our left, remained with his part of the regiment, and that
detained the two regiments behind him. I had sent for them, but
was obliged to enter Dranesville with my artillery and cavalry and a
small advance guard only on the road, the First Rifles and Colonel
Jackson's regirieut flanking this column in the woods on the right and
left. The cavalry picket in town fled and scattered and remained in small
squads watching.

Wliile waiting in Dranesville for the regiments in rear to come up,
I posted my artillery and cavalry and Jackson's regiment of infantry
and a couple of companies of the First Rifles so as to cover the ap-
proaches, and sent for Kane's regiment to occupy the road in our then
rear, my front being toward Centreville. This I did because from the
occasional appearances of a few mounted men on a slope behind some
woods in a hollow to my left and front, and a broad mass of smoke in
that neighborhood. I felt pretty sure there was a force there preparing
some mischief.

As soon as Colonel McCalmont came up with his regiment {the
Tenth), followed by Lieut. -Colonel Penrose (the Sixth) and Colonel Taggart
with the Twelfth, and while preparing to resist any attack and to cover
my foraging party, I learned that the enemy in force had approached
on the south side of tlie Leesburg Pike, with field pieces and infantry.
and had driven in my pickets, wounding two men. Thinking thev
would attack on both sides of the turnpike, as I returned eastward, I
ordered (to meet this expected attack) Colonel McCalmont's regiment
on the 1( f 1; or river side of the rond in the woods, left in front, and if
the enemy showed hinist If en tha!; side to bring his regiment forward
into line.

Colonel Jackson's regiment (of wliicli and its gallant coloned I can-
not speak in too high terms) i ordered t > flank the road in the same way
on the right of the road i:i the woods, and do thesani^f the enemy
showed on that sid^. Between these flanking regiments I ordereil the

Kane Rifics to meet the enemy behind us in the road— the cavalry to
follow— and tlie artillery I took with me to post them and answer the
enemy's artillery, which had opened fire on onr then right (the south),
directing t!ie rear guard to cover the column of the Sixth and Twelfth
regiments of infantry in the road from cavalry.

The artillery went at a rim past the station I selected for them,
capsizing one of their pieces. I brought them back, told the captain where
to post his guns, and then went to remove the cavalry then exposed in
the road swept by the enemy, whose attack was from a thickly wooded
hill on our right flank (the south). Their force, I saw, was a very bold
one, very well po-ted, and the artillery was only about 500 yards off.
with a large force of infantry on both flanks and in front, covered and
surrounded by the woods and thickets. Moving eat-t v>ith the cavalry,
which was of no use here, I came to a place in tlie road covered towards
the enemy by a high bluff and dense thicket, which thicket I intended
to occipy with infantry. Here I left the cavalry surrounded by dense
forests, wherein they could neither fight nor be hurt. The accompany-
ing sketch will show the ground (not found). As I had at first thought
the enemy would attack on both sides of the road (road to Alexandria),
and moved mj- infantry to meet such an attack, an J as their attack was
confined to the right, it became necessary for me to change my front, as
neither McCalmont nor Jackson had liad time to come iato lino imder
first orders, when I discovered this, and were moving by the fla:;k, and,
as before I iilac?d the artillery and cavalry I had seen the Rifles closely
engaging the enemy by a flank movement, covering themselves l»y some
bushes and fences, my right, in meeting the attack, thus b?ca:ne the
village of Dranesville, my left the gorge and woods occupied by my
cavalry on the L^esburg Pike.

Afte)" :-o 'uriug the cavalry, I found, by carefully observing tlie
enemy's fire and battery, that their guns were in a road which could be
enfiladed. I ordered Captain Easton to right the capsized gun and bring
it to the spot from which this road could be raked, removed two other
guns to tliis spot, gave the gimaers tho distance and eleTation, observed
the result, and finding after a round or two that the enemy's fire
Klackenod and the gunners were raking the road beautifully without
being discomposed by the enemy's fire. I told them ■• to keep at that."
and determined to push tiie infantry forward.

I found them, except the Kane Rifles. th(- Nintli (Jackson's) and the
Tenth (McCalmont's) rfgiments which weic ;ik above stated, in the

ditches, under fences, and covering theu.selves a. best they could I
started them forward, Kane, at the head of hi. regiment, leadmg. Hi.
and Jackson's regiments r. quired no urging. McCahnont's regiment
was kept in excellent order by .t. colonel-than whom a better officer us
not foundinmy brigade-and acted as a reserve. I put them m the
woods, pushed and exlunted them up the hill, having directed the
battery to cease firing, and proceeded witli my infantry with the

bayonet. ,

About this time, between 3 and 4 o'clock (the action began at .....0),

General McCall, I was informed, arrived on the field. * * *

He was so kind as to direct me to continue the pursuit in the same
order and to continue my disposition, which I did. The enemy were
pursued fully half a mile further, but they had left the neighborhood m
..reat haste, leaving their arms, a portion of their dead and wounded,
clothing, ten horses, and a quantity of artillery equipments, with two
cassions and a limber scattered along the road towards Centrevdle and
in the woods on both sides. * *

The enemy left twenty-one of their most desperately wounded on
the field, who were taken up, carried to houses and their wounds dressed
by our surgeons, but they will nearly all die. Their dead left on the
field is variou^ly es'imated from fifty to seventy-five.

Our artiUery did terrible havoc, exploding one ammunition
wagon, and some of their men whom we brought in say the slaughter

was terrible. * * *

The prisoners further stated that Colonel Taylor was doubtles.s

killed. . . ^^ .„

-::• * * After the affair we built our bivouac fires in DranesvUle.
Thu« sir we, on returning to camp, had marched twenty-four miles,
beatJn the enemy, loaded our wagons with forage, bringing in (twelve
miles) our killed, seven, and wounded, sixty, among whom are four
captains. Sjme of our wounded had to be brought the whole distance
on stretchers, while I am informed the Pennsylvania ambulances for
this division are lyingempty in Washington. It is impossible to remem-
ber all who were conspicuous, especially as the fighting occurred m
thickets and was scattered over much ground. Captain Easton was
very efficient and his battery well served. The wounded officers, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Kane and Captain Niles, of the Kane Rifles; Captam
Bradbury of the Sixth, and Captains Dick and Gulway of the Ninth
P. R. V. C. were conspicuous, leading their men when wounded. * * *

The prisouors report that the brigadt- engaged against us was
K.mposed of the Kentucky Rifles, an Alabama, a South Carolina and
a Virginia regiment, with a six-gun battfry. all under the command
(if General Stuart.

I must not forget the i)rompt mimner in whicli General Reynolds
came up from Diflicult Creek, some four mil(>s oif. as so n as he heard
the cannonading. He arrived too late, it is tuie. to take part in tlie
affair, but the certainty that he would come witli his brigade insured a
Tictory and stimulated our men to earn it."

When the enemy was discovei'ed to be in force on the Centreville
Road, General Ord's command was arranged about as follows: The
Ninth Rygiment on the south side of the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike,
four companies and a platoon of the Tenth <jn the left (north) side of
that Pike, both regiments a little east of Dranesville, and both moving
eastward by the flank; a part of the Rifle Regiment on the pike near the
village, the balance on picket across the Centreville Road, and extending
to the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike : the Sixth on the Pike at the
eastern end of the village ; the Twelfth on the Pike, just east of the
Sixth; the cavalry and artillery in the village; three companies and a
platoon of the Tentli after forage between the river and Dranesville
Pike. It was soon after this learned by the Un on commander that
none of the e emy was north of the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike, but
that he was advancing on both sides of the Centreville Road, supporting
his artillei-y on that road.

General Stuart, commanding the Confederate force, reported under
date of December 23, 1861, as follows :

" Tiiat on the 30th inst. I was placed in command of four regiments
of infanty, irO cavalry, and a battery of four pieces of artillery, viz.:
Eleventh Virginia Volunteers, Colonel S. Garland, Jr.; Sixth South
Carolina Volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel Secrest ; Tenth Alabama Vol-
unteers, Colonel J. H. Forney ; and First Kentucky Volunteers, Colonel
Thomas H. Taylor ; making an aggregate force of 1,600 infantry ;
Sumter Flying Artillery, four pieces. Captain A. S. Cutts ; One Hun-
dreth (?) North Carolina Cavalry, Major Gordon ; and Fifty Second (?)
Virginia Cavalry, Captain Pitzner, for the purpose of covering an
expedition of aU the wagons of our army that coiUd be spared (after hay)
to the left of Dranesville. I proceeded at once by the nearest route at
daylight towards Dranesville. * * * Accompanying sketch (not
found). Eaiowing tlie situation of the enemy's advance posts, I sent the

cavalry forward far in advance of the infantry, to take possession of the
two turnpikes to the right of Dranesville, leading directly to the enemy's
advanced posts, so as to prevent any coinmunicition of our movements
reaching them, and with th3 main body 1 followed on to take a position
with two regiments and a section of artillery on each turnpike, also to
the right of Draaesville, and close euougli to their intersection to form
a continuous line. Such a position I knew I could hold against almost
any odds, but as my cavalry came m sight of the tm-npike Captain Pitz-
ner discovered the enemy at the point (A) on the ridge anil sent me
word immediatelj^ I galloped forward at ou-e. and. reconnoitering for
myself, found that a portion of the enemy was ia possession of the ridge,
and I could hear distinctly artillery carriages passing up the Georgetown
Turnpike in considerable numbers, and presently saw the cannoneers
mounted on limber boxes passing up towards Dranesville, about 200
yards from the intersection (A). I knew, too, that the enemy's infantry
were in advance, and I at once suspected that he was either marcliing
upon Leesburg or had received intelligence through a spy of our
intended forage expedition and was marching upon it. In either case
our wagons would have fallen an easy prey to him, and I saw at once
that my only way to save them was to make a vigorous attack upon his
rear and left flank and to compel him to desist from his purpose.

I sent back for the infantry to hurry forward and sent Captain
Pitzner with his detachment of cavalry to gain the road towards Lees-
burg, give notice to our wagons to relurn at once to camp, and keep
between them and the enemy, threatening his front and flank ; and I
will state here, parenthetically, that tliis dutv was performed by Captain
Pitzner and his gallant little detachment in ihe most creditable manner,
all om- wagons reaching camp safely." (But without any forage !)

"In the meantime the enemy's skirmishers took possession of the
dense pine in our front, and as our infantry was met by my messenger
three-fourths of a mile back, it was some time coming up. Colonel
Garland's regiment, leading, was directed to deploy two companies on
each side of the road to clear the ground of the enemy's skirmishers.
One of these companies, having mistaken its direction, went too far to
the right, and Colonel Garland had to replace it with another. The
pines were cleared at double quick, and the battery was ordered in
position at B, and fired very effectively during the whole engagement
to the front. The infantry were placed in position as follows : Gar-
land's regiment on the right of the road, a little in advance of the

1«

artillery \ Secrest (S. C.) on the left of the road ; Forney's regiment,
airiving late, replaced Garland's, which moved by the flank to the right,
and the First Kentucky, Colonel Taylor, at first intended as a reserve,
was ordered to take position on the left of the Sixth South Carolina
Begiment. As our infantry was well secured from the enemy's view,
ttieir artillery fire, which opened about fifteen minutes after ours began,
led little effect upon the infantry, but played with telling effect along
liieroad,, as from its position (C) and the straightness of the road in our
TK-AV, it raked tlie latter with shell and round shot completely. Their
iTUSBons and limbers were behind in a brick hotise, and completely
protected from our shot, while our cassions and limbers were necessarily
<;iwwded and exposed. There was no outlet to right or left, for a mile
back, by which the artillery could change its position. When our
f«Kces took their position tlie fire of the artillery caused great commo-
tiDQ io the enemy's lines, and ti part evidently took to their heels. The
rigiit wing was ordered forward, and the Tenth Alabama rushed with a
sluMit into a shower of bullets, under the gallant lead of their Colonel
^omey) and Lieutenant-Colonel Mai-tin, the latter falling in the
cliarge, A part of this regiment crossed the road and took position
alOTig a fence, from which the enemy felt the trueness of their aim at
afciort range. The Colonel was here severely wounded and had to retire,
ia his absence the command fell upon Major Woodward. The Eleventh
Tirginia, holding position on the right of the Tenth Alabama, was
fflot so much exposed to the fire of the enemy, aul consequently
srjfjffered less. The Sixth South Carolina gradually gained ground
aSso to the front, and being, together with the Tenth Alabama, exposed
&> the fire of the enemy's sharpshooters from a two stcrj' brick house
stuffered most. My orders to Colonel Taylor, First Kentucky, were
given through Colonel Forney, and I soon knew by the commotion on
my left that it was in place. The thicket where the Sixth South Caro-
jiina and First Kentucky operated was so dense that it was impossible to
see either (their) exact position or their progress in the fight, and I
j»?gret to say that the First Kentucky and the Sixth South Carolina mis-
took each other for the enemy, and a few casualties occurred in conse-
iHaence ; but with that exception the whole force acted with admirable
soiison,. and advanced upon the enemj- with the steadiness of veterans,
■driving him several times from his position with heavy loss. When the
•action had lasted about two hours I found that the enemy, being already
m. force larger than my own. was recovering from his disorder and re~

ceiving heavy re-enforcements. I could not, with my small numbers,
being beyond reach of re-enforcements, force his position without fearful
sacrifice, and seeing tliat his artillery, superior to ours in number and
position only, was pouring a very destructive fire into Cutts' battery, I
decided to withdraw the latter at once, preparatory to retiring from the
field, judging, too, that I had given our wagons ample time to get
out of reach of the enemy.

•The battery suffered greatly. Its position was necessarily such that it
could fire only to the front, and the caissons and hmbers had no cover
whatever from such a fire. Three or four cannoneers had been shot at
their posts and several wounded, and every shot of the enemy was deal-
ing destruction on either man, limber or horse. The conduct of the brave,
true and heroic Cutts attracted my admiration frequently during the
action, now acting No. 1 and now as gunner, and still directing and
disposing the whole with perfect self-command and a devotion to his
duty that was, I believe, scarcely ever equalled. He executed my orders
to withdraw his battery under a ricochet fire of great accuracy. One
piece I found it necessary to detail some infantry (Eleventh Virginia) to
assist in conducting to the rear, which was done by them under great
personal exposure. Having secured the artillery, I sent orders to the four
regimental commanders to disengage themselves from the enemy and
retire slowly and in perfect order to the railroad, where a stand would be
made. This delicate duty was performed admirably, and our troops
marched back leisurely, bringing with them all the woimded that could
be found. * * * Qne regiment reached the road in rear of point
where it left its knapsacks. * * *

As to the strength of the enemy, if concun-ent statements of the
citizens residing on his route of march can be credited, he had fifteen
regiments of infantry, several batteries and seven companies of
cavalry." (The citizens probably referred to McCalls entire division.)
"Colonel Taylor became separated from his regiment, but rejoined his
conamand. * * » Our loss is as follows :

KILLED. WOUNDED. MISSING.

Eleventh Alabama 6 15 —

Sixth Soutli Carolina 18 45 —

Tenth Alabama 15 45 6

First Kentucky 1 23 3

Cutts* Battery 3 15 —

Total, 194."

Discovering the enemy in force on his right flank, as his command
was then disposed, General Ord changed front to the right. The Ninth
Regiment was faced to the soutb and directed to advance west of and
parallel to the Centreville Road. The First Rifles were pushed forward
at double quick to the brick house on left of Centreville Road ; the Sixth.
Regiment was ordered to report to Lieutenant-Colonel Kane and supi)ort
his regiment on its right ; the Twelfth to advance as a reserve to this
whole force ; the Tenth to support the battery and to send a skirmish
line out to the left of the battery to watch the left flank.

Soon General Ord perceived the confusion of the enemy around his
battery, and he at once assumed the offensive by advancing his com-
mand as now arranged. He assumed command of this advance in
person. The Ninth Reserves met the First Kentucky in the thick woods,
and not recognizing it as an enemy, received its first volley before firing;
but notwithstanding so severe a test of its discipline, this gallant regi-
ment held its ground and opened a vigorous return fire. The Sixth
Regiment, supporting the Rifles, crossed the Centreville Road and met
the enemy's centre and right ; the Twelfth was advanced first against
the enemy's left, then afterwards sent around the enemy's flan'i, in hope
of taking his battery. The Tenth supported Easton's battery in its new
position. The battery having its left flank exposed in this position,
Captain McConnell of B Company of Tenth was thrown out on the
extreme left with the platoon of his company which was present (the
other platoon having gone for forage). He deployed his men as skir-
mishers and advanced to some ditches, where he was joined voluntarily
by the pioneers of his regiment. Captain McConnell's small force suc-
ceeded in checking the enemy's advance in this direction, being assisted
by an occassional shell thrown from Easton's battery, in his (McCon-
nell's) front.

After a short and shai^p contest the enemy was driven from his
position and followed half a mile. The Confederate loss shows that both
his infantry and artillery gallantly contested the ground, while the
Union success showed that he was no less courageous.

General Ord's artillery, although of the same number of guns as the
enemy's, was much the superior, and conduced greatly to the Union
success. The forces of infantry were as near equal in nimabers as ever
happens in war. It was a gallant and honestly won victory for General
Ord; Easton's battery, Kane's Rifles and the Third Brigade.

Casualties in General Ord's command were :

KILLED. AVOUNDED. WOUNDED.

Enlisted Men. Officers. Enlisted Men.

Artillery None None 1

First Rifles 3 2 26

Sixth Regiment 8 1 12

Ninth Regiment.... 2 2 18

Twelfth Regiment. — — 1

Aggregate, 70.

Lieutenant-Colonel Kane and Captain Nilesof Rifles, Captain Brad-
bury of Sixth, and Captains Dick and Galway of Ninth, wounded.
Colonel Tagerart's report stated that he was the only field officer present,
only three captains present; 575 officers and men present. Lieutenant
Reid acted as adjuiant, and that " Private "William R. Fox of Com-
pany K was wounded in the right thigh during the first part of our
advance in the woods. He made a narrow escape. A porte-monnaie in his
pocket was bored through, and a $2.50 gold piece in it was bent nearly
double."

Instead of regarding its safety, the cavalry ought to have been
thrown upon the enemy's flank when the infantry assumed the offen-
sive. General Ord had a chance to cause a genuine route and a great
capture, but at that time in the war and for a year afterwards the only
thought about cavalry was, "how to take care of it." The defeated
Confederate general became one of the most noted generals of cavalry
of the war, but this lesson seems never to have been forgotten by his
superiors, and he seldom had an infantry command. The following
orders were published to the command:

" Headquarters, A. P., }

Washington, D. C, December 28, 1861. j"

G. O. No. 63. The Commanding General expresses his thanks to
Brigadier-General Ord and the brave troops of his brigade, who so
gallantly repulsed an attack of an equal force of the enemy on the 20th
inst. The General takes pleasure in observing the readiness of the
remaining troops of McCall's division and the able dispositions of their
commander to repel the enemy in case of the advance of re-enforcements.

The General would also acknowledge the distinguished services of
Colonel McCalmont, Tenth iRfantry, Pennsylvania R. C. ; Colonel
Jackson, Ninth Infantry, P. R. V. C; Lieutenant-Colone? Kane, Rifle
Regiment, P. R. V. C; and Captain Easton of Easton's Battery, which
contributed in a large degree to the success of the day.

By command of Major-General McCleUan,

S. Williams, A. A. G.

War Department, December 28, 1861.
Brigadier-Cjeneral G. A. McCall, Commanding Division, Camp
Pierpout, Virgini;i.

General — 1 have read your report of the battle of Dranesville, and
although no reply is necessary on my part, yet as a citizen of the same
conmion wealth as yourself and the troops engaged in that brilliant
affair, I cannot refrain from expressing to you my admiration of the
gallant conduct displayed, by both officers and nien, in this their first
contest with the enemy. Nearly all your command upon that occasion
are either my personal friends or sons of those with whom for long
years I have been more or less intimately associated. I feel that I have
just cause to be proud that, animated by no other motive than patriot-
ism, they are among the first to revive the glory shed upon our country
by the men of the Revolution and soldiers of the war of 1813. It is one
•of the bright spots that give assurance of success of coming events ; and
its effect must be to inspire confidence in the belief that hereafter, as
heretofore, the cause of our country will triumph. I am especially
gratified that a Pennsylvania artillery corps, commanded by officers
who have necessarily had but limited systematic instruction, have won
not only the commendation of their friends, but an unwUling compli-
ment from tlie enemy, for the wonderful rapidity and accuracy of their
fire. I wish I could designate all the men who, nobly discharging their
duty to the country, have added to the glory of our great common-
wealth.

Other portions of the army will be stimulated by their brave deeds,
and men will be proud to say that at Dranesville they served under
JMcCall and Ord.

I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Simon Cameron,

Secretary of War."

' The gallantry of our troops in the late affair at Dranesville de-
Tnands a public acknowledgment. Their courage, conduct and high
•discipUne are honorable to the Corps and to the Commonwealth, by
■whose forecast it was raised and formed, in anticipation of the exig-
encies of the country, and whose sons fill its ranks.

General McCall and Brigadier-General Ord, and the officer and men
who were engaged under their commands, may be assured that Penn-
sylvania is not insensible to their martial virtue, and from them and

their fellows confidently looks for as many further illustrations of it aa
there shall be opijortunity afforded them.

By order of A. G. Curtin, Governor of Pennsylvania^
A. L. Russell, Aid-de-camp."

Syphur says; "General McCall published a congratulatory order,,
and caused to be read to his division the letter from Secretary Cameron
and the order from Governor Curtin. The colors of the regiments that
veere engaged in the battle were taken to Washington, and on each flag,
' Dranesville, December 20, 1861,' was printed in golden letters."

FROM DRANESVILLE TO PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN.

After the battle of Dranesville, the camp was visited by many dis-
tinguished persons, and the Reserves were the heroes of the Winter.
Many congratulatory orders were issued. That of General Ord sug-
gested the use of distinctive badges, the origin of corps badges. No
order was given to build Winter quarters, but temporary huts, three
to four logs high, with tents over them, were erected. Sheet iron stoves
furnished heat. Drills were required whenever the weather permitted >
and there was much picket duty. These duties filled in the time until
Spring. December 26, 1861, First Lieutenant McMurtrie, who was pro-
moted from the First Rifles, joined and was appointed adjutant.
December 28 there was a review for Governor Curtin, and December 30
the flags were sent away to have Dranesville inscribed upon them.

The regimental band (which could play only a few pieces) was dis-
charged, for the reason that the men had not been enhsted as private
soldiers. It rained almost every day. Some men volunteered to serve
with Stewart's regular battery (to which the writer was attached).
Bad weather and hard work discouraged these volunteers and tliey al!
retvu-ned to their companies. Some men volunteered for gunboat
service. The crew of the Gunboat Carondelet was composed of these
men. This vessel gained a national reputation. January 10, 1862, there
was a review to receive the flags with Dranesville inscribed on them.
March 10, 1862, the division left Camp Pierpont. Woodward says :

"We continued up the pike, crossing Difiicult Creek, to Spring
Vale, within three miles of Dranesville. When turning to the left
and following a bridle path through the woods and over the hill we
reached about dark the neighborhood of Hunter's Mills, near which, on
the Loudon and Hampshire Raihoad, we bivouaced, the night being very
cold and rainy. Here we remained until the next afternoon when we

marched about two miles to a high elevation near the ruins of Hawk-
liurst Mills, where we encamped, about seventeen miles from Camp
Pierpont, two miles from Fairfax Court House, and eight from Bull Run
battle ground. * * * Here we received our shelter tents. The men
•called tJiem 'dog houses.' On the evening of the 14th, during a light fall
of riiin, we took up our p a rch through the woods, on every side bivouacs
and burning bough huts and arbors, the glare of which lighted up our
road for miles. * * » Reaching the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike, we
turned to the right, and passing along it for two miles, about 11 o'clock
filed into a dense open wood, where, in spite of the falling rain, our fires
soon burned brightly, and we slept soundly. The next morning early,
•during a heavy rain, we took up our line of march, moving across the
country to the Dranesville Pike, and turning down it crossed DiflBcult
Creek, passing within four miles of our old home at Pierpont, and enter-
ing a wood moved back again towards the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike
by a private road. The rain by this time was falling in torrents, flooding
the swampy ground, making the marching most tiresome and fatiguing.
Soon the ranks were broken, the men scattering, plunging through the
mud, and toiling under their knapsacks, made doubly heavy by their
blankets and overcoats becoming saturated with water. Soon they
commenced dropping out, laid scattered through the woods for miles.
Upon striking the turnpike again a long halt was called for the stragglers
to catch up, and then moving on, we soon filed into a wood and stacked
arms. This was about 3 o'clock, and although we had marched fifteen
miles we were but three miles from the starting point, the detour to the
left having been made on account of the enemy's having burnt the bridge
over Difficult Creek. It rained all night. The command had no tents.
General McCall said this was the only march the men ever complained
•of. At 10 A. M. the next morning, we moved down the pike, passing
Tails Church, Munson's HiU and a long line of fortifications erected at
•different times by the Union and Confederate troops, and arriving
within a mile of Alexandria, moved over the fields to the left, and en-
camped near the Cemetery and Fairfax Seminary. On account of bad
roads and a previous sleepless night, this was a hard march, but the men
had spirit enough to guy a red-legged Zouave. Remained in camp here
nearly a month. The war had changed Alexandria from a quiet, sleepy
old Virginia town into a bustling business place. McClellan's army
"was encamped aU about it, awaiting embarkation to the Peninsular.
The soldiers and army employees swarmed in the streets, and although

the sale of liquor was prohibited yet large quantities were sold. One
man had a barrel up the chimney, another a barrel on top of his house,
from wliicU he drew liquor by a gas jet. Another drew it from a private
house adjoining his store by his hydrant. The men of the Reserves were
veiy well behaved. The weather during our encampment here was
cold, rainy and unpleasant, rendering the ground mostly unfit for
driUing, but every favorable opportunity was taken advantage of for
that purpose. We received our full rations, and a ration of whisky was
served out every rainy night. Tlie division was attached to McDowell's
command. Early on the 9th of April struck shelter tents and strapped
them on our knapsacks with three days' cooked rations in haversacks and
moved off. * * * Rained and snowed. * * * Passing down be-
tween Forts Ellsworth and Lyons, we marched about three miles on the
Orange and Alexandria Raih'oad, when we halted t^ await transporta-
tion. * * * Marched about six hours in the mud and then embarked
(took cars) ; arrived at 9 p.m. about two miles l:»eyoud Bull Run Creek,
in front of a large deserted encampment of rebel huts ; had a good
night."

The Twelfth Regiment left camp near Alexandria April 11th,
marched to Manassas Junction, where it arrived next day at 5 p. m. ;
remained there until April 18, when it marched to Catlett's Station,
where it arrived the same day. Distance marched, fifty -five mUes.
April 21st the regiment (Twelfth) was detailed for guarding the Orange
and Alexandria Railroad from Bristoe to Catlett's Station. The Twelfth
Regiment up to the 7th of May was guarding the Orange and Alexandria
Railroad. On the 7th marched from Catlett's Station towards Falmouth,
and arrived at camp near Falmouth on the 9th, when it joined the Third
Brigade Pennsylvania Reserves, and remained with the brigade till the
end of the month.

On this march to Falmouth five men who were outside of the
command were captured by guerrillas, and private William Fox, of
Company B was wounded. Colonel Taggart sent back cavalry and
infantry to capture these guerrillas. This command not succeeding
in finding these guerrillas, Colonel Taggart went back the next day with
two companies and found tlie house where the guerrillas had been har-
bored, and finding Private Fox's gun there, he caused the house to be
destroyed, to prevent a recuiTence of such harborage. His act appeared
to have had a salutary effect.

A portion of the Reserve Corps was sent to Fredericksburg. Bay-

ard's cavalry had a successful engagement with the enemy's cavalry on
the Richmond side of Fredericksburg.

The Twelfth Regiment remained in camp near Falmouth from May
9th till it started for the Peninsular

CHAPTER IV.

PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN ^BEFORE ARRIVAL OF THE

RESERVES).

On tlie 13tli of March, 1862, Fortress Monroe, Virginia, was adopted
as the base of operations for the Army of the Potomac in its advance on
Richmond. " For the prompt and successful execution of the projected
operation it was regarded by all as necessary that tlie whole of the four
corps" (McDowell's, Sumner's, Heintzelman's and Keyes') "should be
employed, with at least the addition of 10,000 men drawn from the
forces in the vicinity of Fort Monroe."

Fortress Monroe and vicinity, were under the command of General
Wool, one of the old general officers of the regular army. The Army of
the Potomac moved by transports the latter part of March and 1st of
ApHl from Alexandria, McClellan reaching Fort Monroe, April 2d. At
the solicitation of General Wool, and, no doubt, harrassed by McClellan's
enemies in Washington, the President issued orders, April 3d, depriving
McClellan of command of Fort Monroe, his base of operations, and for-
bidding him to detach any men from General Wool's command. This
was the first of a series of orders from Washington, which, in great
part, caused the misfortunes of the Army of the Potomac on the Penin-
sula. It was no doubt hoped by McClellan's enemies that he would
now throw up the command of that army. He had shortly before, at
their instigation, been relieved of the command-in-chief.

The maps as made up by General Wool's engineers showed the War-
wick river as flowing parallel to but not crossing the road from New-
port News to Williamsburg, making Mulberry Island a real island. The
Confederate general, Magruder, with about 10,000 men, defended York-
town and vicinity. Geaeral Huger, at Norfolk, had about 15,000. The
Union commanders supposed these forces opposed to them much larger.
April 3d, the part of the Army of the Potomac which had arrived at
Fort Monroe, started up the Peninsula. On account of the difficulty of
moving animals by water the army land transport ition at this time was
very insufficient. McClellan's plan, as he says, was "to move the two

divisions of the Fourth Corps (Keyes'), by the Newport News and Wil-
liamsburg Road, to take up a position between Yorktown and WiUiams-
burg, while the two .livisious of the Third Corps (Ileintzelman's) moved
direct from Fort Monroe on Yorktown, the reserves moving so as to
support either corps as might prove necessary. I designed, should the
works at Yorkiown and Williamsburg oiler a serious resistance, to land
the First Corps (McDowell's), re-enforced, if necessary, on the left bank of
the York river or on the Severn, to move it to Gloucester and West
Point, in order to take in reverse whatever force the enemy might have
on the Peninsula and compel him to abandon his positions." When
the army reached Yorktown and Lee's Mills, it met serious resistance,
and here, on the 5th of April, the next and fatal order from Washington
was received, withdrawing McDowell's, the largest corps, from McClel-
lan's command. The controversy which this order provoked, l.crv^
still unsettled, the results of the order only will be considered as we
proceed. The first result was the stoppage of the advance of the force
on the Peninsula. McClellan, naturally cautious, became over-cautious.
The writer thought, at the time the army reached Yorktown, it could by
a little hard fighting and by rapid movements have forced the enemy's
position there. Since he has learned how small a force Magruder had at
the time, he is confirmed in his opinion. He thinks McCleUan, Barnard,
chief engineer, and the other generals whom McClellan consulted
made a mistake in deciding that an apparently strong position, come
upon unexpectedly, could be taken only by a siege. The writer went in
person amongst the Union pickets to a position where he thought a line
of battle could be formed which could carry the Yorktown entrench-
ments. That is, when the Union army first arrived in front of them.
The writer (who was on the artillery staff at the time) with others urged
that an attempt be made to carry the enemy's works. He was disap-
pointed at hearing talk of a tiege before anything was done to test the
strength of the enemy's position. After several days' delay any assault
would possibly have faded. Moreover, there was at the time the Union
army arrived before Yorktown no Confederate force north of the York
River to prevent the Union commander from turning the position of
Yorktown, nor for many days after. General McClellan is somewhat
excused by the mditary conditions in Virginia about this time. Tliey
wei-e concisely stated in a letter from General Keyes to Senator Harris,
a letter to be shown to the President and Secretary of War. Keyes says :
<< # » * The greatest master of the art of war has said ' that if you

■would invade a country successfully, you must have one line of opera-
tions and one army under one general.' But what is our condition ?
The State of Virginia is made to constitute the command in part or
■wholly, of some six generals, viz., Fremont, Banks, McDowell, Wool,
Bumside and McClellan, besides the scrap over tlie Chesapeake in the
command of Dix. The greiit battle of the war is to come off here. If
we win it, the Reb I'ion will be crushed; if we loose it, the conse-
quences will be more horrible than I can tell." (Terrible prophesy).
" * ■* * It is no doubt agreeable to the commander of the First Corps
(McDowell) to have a separate department. * * *." That letter
doomed General Keyes. The following letter of the President to General
McClellan, dated April 9th, is given to show a certain condition of affairs
then existing: "Your dispatches complaining that you are not prop-
erly sustained, while they do not offend me, do pain me very much.
Blenker's division was withdrawn from you before you left here, and
you know the pressure " (to give Fremont a command?) " under which I
did it, and as I thought, acquiesced in it, certainly not without reluc-
tance * * * but you must act."

The pressure by certain newspapers, by certain extremists, and by
the Committee on the Conduct of the War, on the one side, and General
McClellan's natural inertness on the other, placed Mr. Lincoln in a most
difficult position. This is the true defence of liim for issuing the fatal
military order which deprived McClellan of an essential part of his force
at the outset of his campaign.

The Confederates abandoned their lines at Yorktown May 4th.
McClellan followed slowly, his troops being much delayed by the muddy
state of the roads, which were few in number and narrow, mere coun-
try roads. The cavalry, under General Stoneman, met the enemy near
Williamsburg on the 4th. The infantry, under Generals Heintzelman,
Sumner, Keyes, Hooker, Hancock, Kearney, Smith and other officers
fought the battle of WiUiamsburg May 5th and 6th. The march of the
Union Army continued slowly towards the Chickahominy, which the
advance reached on the 20th, at Bottoms' Bridge. They found this
bridge, as well as the railroad bridge a mile above, destroyed.

' ' The Chickahominy in this vicinity (where the Union Army
approached it) is about forty feet wide, fringed with a dense growth of
heavy forest trees, and bordered by low, marshy bottom lands, varying
from half a mUe to a mile in width. Our operations embraced that part
of the river between Bottoms' and Meadow bridges, which covered the

principal a])y)roafhes -to Ric-linn)nd from the east. Within these limits
tlie firm Ki"<>"n(l lying above high water mark seldom approaches near
the river on either bank, and no locality was found within this section
where the high ground came near the stream on botli sides. It was sub-
ject to fre({uent, sudden and great variations in the volume of water,
and a rise of a few feet overflowed the bottom lands on both sides. At
low water it could be forded at almost any point, but during high water
it rose above a fording stage, and coidd then be crossed only at a few
l)oints wliere bridges had been constructed. These bridges had all been
destroyed by the enemy on our approach, and it was necessaiy not only
to reconstruct these, but to build several others. The west bank of the
river opposite the" New and Mechanicsville bridges was bordered by ele-
vated blufTs, which afforded the enemy commanding positions to fortify,
establish his batteries, enfilading the approaches upon the two principal
roads to Richmond on our right, and resist the reconstruction of the
important 1 ridges. This obliged us to select other less exposed points
for our crossings." The left (Casey's Division) was moved across the
river near Bottoms' Bridge about the 20th, and the left of the army
(Keyes and Heintzelman's Corps) was the next two days crossed over,
and soon after advanced to Seven Pines, and to the right, and rifle pits
for infantry and epaulements for artillery were commenced. Tlie centre
and right of the army were advanced to the north bank of the river,
and Mechanicsville was taken on the 24th. Secretary Stanton writes
McClellnn, May 18: "McDovveU (then near Fredericksburg) has been
ordered to march upon that city (Richmond) by the shortest route. He
is ordered — keeping himself always in position, to save the capitol from
all possible attack — so to operate as to put his left wing in communica-
tion with your right wing, and you are instructed to co-operate, so as to
establish this communication as soon as possible, by extending your
right wing north of Richmond. It is believed this communication can
be safely established either north or south of the Pamunky river. * * "
An order worthy of the Aulic Council. A committee of the Mflitary
Historical Society of Massachusetts, to which was referred the subject
of " McClellan's plans of campaign of 1862, and the alleged interference
of the Government with them," report upon the latter that, '' There can be
no doubt that the Government has behaved towards McClellan for
some months before the campaign opened in a manner which your
committee consider alike unjust to him, injurious to the morale of hi&
army, and detrimental to the success of our arms. Fe^r men at the

head of affairs during a great war have evtn- given^uch evidence of an
entire unfitness to have general direction over military men as Mr. Lin-
cohi and Mr, Stanton." It is believed this criticism, though made to
and approved by a great liistorical society, a generation after the closf>
of the war, is too severe on Mr. Lincoln. Tlie writer's explanation or
defence of Mr. Lincoln is that his better judgment was often over-rule<l
by the Committee on the Conduct of the War (vvliose rei^resentative in
the Cabinet was Mr. Stanton), wiio controlled a two-thirds majority of
Congress, this committee being backed up by most powerful news-
papers and popular orators. McClellan writes to Washington, May 21,
i< * » « Frankness compels me to say, anxious as I am for an increase
of force, that the march of McDowell's column upon Richmond by the
shortest route will, in my opinion, uncover Washington, as to any
interposition by it, as completely as its movement by water. The
enemy cannot advance by Fredericksburg on Washington. Should they
attempt a movement, which to me seems utterly improbable, their
route would be by Gordonsville and Manassas," McClellan was right
in his science, but ill-informed as to the movements of the enemy,
Jac^kson was then advancing from Gordonsville to the valley of the
Shenandoah. In consequence of Jackson's movement McDowell's was
suspended, and most of his command sent to the valley.

A Confederate force having advanced on the right of the Army of
the Potomac beyond Hanover Court House, interposing between that
army and McDowell, General Porter, commanding on McCleJlan's right,
went, May 27, with Morrell's Division and other troops, about 8,000 men,
to Hanover Court House, where he met a Confederate force under
General Branch. Porter defeated the enemy, causing him a severe loss
in killed, wounded and jirisoners.

On the 30th of May tlie Union troops on the south side of the
Chickahominy were : Casey's Division, on the right of the Williamsburg
Road, and at right angles to it, the centre at Fair Oaks; Couch's Division
at Seven Pines, Kearney's Division on railroad from Savage Station
towards Bottoms' Bridge, Hooker's Division near White Oak Swamp.
During the day of the 30th and the following night a violent rain fell,
rendering work on the rifle pits and bridges impracticable. The enemy
took advantage of it, and on the 31st attacked first Casey's Division,
and then Couch's. Heintzelman's Corps was brought up to the assist-
ance of Keyes' Corps. The Confederates obtained great advantages at
first, but Hooker's and Kearney's divisions sustained the struggle vmtU

Sumner succeeded, after herculean efforts, in getting up a battery
(Kirby's) and one division of his infantry. Sumner s Bridge, over which
he crossed his force, was kept in place by the weight of liis troops, it dis-
appearing as soon as the troops left it. There is no doubt but that the
Union trooi)s made a most gallant resistance on the olst, and an equally
gallant advance on the morning of June 1st. The losses of the Union
forces engaged were very heavy.

"The approaches to New and Mechanicsville bridges were also
overflowed, and both of them were enfiladed by the enemy's batteries,
established upon commanding heights upon the opposite bank. * * *
The only available means, therefore, of uniting our forces at Fair Oaks for
an advance on Richmond soon after the battle was to march the troops
from Mechanicsville and other points on the left bank of the Cbicka-
hominy down to Bottoms' Bridge, and thence over the Williamsburg Road
to the position at Fair Oaks, a distance of about twenty-three miles.
The idea of uniting the two wings of the army with the prospect of
overtaking the enemy before he reached Richmond, only five miles
distant, is absurd, * * * and was never for a moment seriously
entertained by anyone connected with the Army of the Potomac."

The losses of the Union Army at Fair Oaks were about 7 000.
McClellan asked that troops be detached from Halleck's army (which at
this time had no large force in its front), and sent to the Army of the
Potomac. Halleck's army was however broken up and scattered all
over the West, resulting soon in Bi agg's invasion of Kentucky.

On the 13th and 14th of June Stuart made his raid around the Army
of the Potomac ; the Union cavalry at this time was distributed through-
out the army, only one small brigade, under General P. St. G. Cooke,
being kept together.

The Pennsylvania Reserves joined the Army of the Potomac on 12th
and 14th of June. Were first placed on the railroad between the White
House and Tunstall's Station ; afterwards joined Porter's corps. In regard
to this division General McClellan telegraphed Secretary Stanton on the
14th : " It ought to be distinctly imderstood that McDowell and his
troops axe completely imder my control. I received a telegram from
him re(inesting that McCall's Division might be placed so as to join him
immediately on his arrival. That request does not breathe the proper
spirit. Whatever troops come to me must be disposed of so as to do the
most good. I do not feel that in such circumstances as those in which I

axD now placed General McDowell should wish the general interests sac-
rificed for the purpose of increasing his command."

Woodward writes : "On a Sunday morning, the 8th of June, (Divi-
f-ion) ordered to pre})are to majch and marched that night hy a fine
moonlight, weeding our way by music of our bands down the Rappahan-
nock, seven miles, where we bivouaced. The next morning marched
to Gray's Landing and embarked * * * as happy a set of blue coats
as ever trod a planet. * * * At 9 o'clock (12lh) First Brigade marched
up the railroad, j)assing Tunstall's Station about 4 o'clock ; passed
Despatch Station and moved to the right of the road and camped at the
head of a heavy wood near the Chickahominy river, having marched
about ten miles. Through the day we heard the slow fire of heavy
guns. * * * Rested the 13th ; moved that night to Tunstall's Sta-
tion." This latter movement was made to intercept Stuart's cavalry.
The Third Brigade, now commanded by General Seymour, was delayed
on the Rappahannock, waiting for transports. This accidental delay
caused that brigade to arrive at White House on the Pamunky, June
14th, most opportunely, enabling it to frustrate Stuart's designs on the
Array of the Potomac's base of supplies, at this time located here.

On the 17th of June the whole Reserve division was concentrated at
Despatch Station except four companies of the First Rifles, which were
under Lieutenant-Colonel Kane serving in the Valley of the Shenandoah,
and the Sixth Regiment, Colonel Sinclair, left at Tunstall's Station. The
division was to be reviewed by General McClellan at this point, but he
failed to put in an appearance, and on the 18th it marched along the
road parallel to and north of the Chickahominy to Gaines' Farm.

Woodward, of the Fourth, in ** Our Campaigns" (a most interesting
book) says : " The Nineteenth moved to Ellison's Mill, on the river road
where it crosses the Beaver Dam Creek, about one and one-half miles,
then countermarched and moved to the left ; bivouaced in an oat field
where Rush's Lancers were encamped. Professor Lowe made a balloon
ascension ; enemy's fire made him descend. Early next morning
moved back about a mile to Nanaley's Mill. Early on the 24th started
on picket to Media nicsville, about one mile distant, where we found the
Twelfth Reserves, four companies of Rush's Lancers and Cooper's battery.
Colonel Taggart in command of the line as senior officer. Our regiment
forming the reserve, we laid in the grove of Dr. Lumkin's house.
Mechanicsville lies on the high ground overlooking the Chickahominy
on its north bank, from which it is about 500 yards distant. It consists

of a church and about iif teen houses, all of wliich were deserted and per-
forated by shot and shell. The south bank of tlie river rises gradually
for about a half mile, where a long line of redoubts and rifle pits front a
heavy wood. In the centi-e of the stream is an i^.JaLid, which is connected
with either shore by a bridge, we holding one end of it, and the enemy
the other, the island being neutral ground. The pickets at tliis point,
although quite near each other, remained on good terms, the enemy's
relief upon one occasion presenting arms to Lieutenant-Colonel Mclnty re
of the First Reserves, as he was visiting one of our posts. We were dis-
posed to show acts of courtesy to one another, as \\'e daily expected to
meet in battle. Richmond is but five miles distant from Meclianicsville,
and from a shed near the roadside we could see the spires. One of our
officers wagered a hundred cigars he would be in the city in a week ; he
was, but as a prisoner. During the night the position of our guns was
changed, and General Reynolds required hourly reports in writing, there
being strong indication of a movement by the enemy. Cooper, at 5 a. m.
on the 25th, fired about twenty shells ; there was no response. We sub-
sequently learned the enemy were then making a move to oiu- right."

CHAPTER V.

BATTLE OF MECHANICSVILLE, JUNE 36, 1863.
On the 19th of June the greater part of the Reserve Division waa
directed to move from Gaines' Farm to Mechanicsville to relieve Taylor's
Brigade of Franklin's Division at above-named village, then the extreme
right of the Army of the Potomac. The First and Third Brigades, com-
manded respectively by Generals Reynolds and Seymom-, veere posted
on the left bank of Beaver Dam Creek in a line nearly perpendicular
to the Chickahominy, in a position naturally strong, the Third Brigade
on the left near Ellison's MiU, the First on the right. One regiment and
a battery w^ere sent to Mechanicsville and a strong picket line v^as
extended from Mechanicsville to Meadovs^ bridges. Beaver Dam Creek
was impracticable for artillery except at the bridges, one at Ellison's
Mi'll, and a second about a half mile above. On the right of the upper
bridge an epaulement for artillery was thrown up and rifle pits and
slashings of timber were made in front of each brigade, especially-
near the bridges. The Eighth Illinois Cavalry, Colonel Farns worth,
patrolled the woods towards Hanover Court House and to the Pamunky.
The Union troops at the beginning of the engagement were posted as
follows : First Brigade on the right ; Second Regiment, Lieutenant-
Colonel McCandless, (seven companies) on extreme right ; on its left
the First Regiment, Colonel Roberts ; on its left Eighth Regiment,
Colonel Hays ; six companies of First Rifles on picket at the railroad
and Meadow bridges ; the Fifth Regiment, Colonel Simmons, on picket
at Mechanicsville ; the Third Brigade, General Seymour commanding,
on left of First Brigade, consisting of Tenth Regiment, Colonel Kirk,
on right of Ellison's Mill Road ; eight companies of Twelfth Regiment
posted in rifle pits on both sides of the lower (Ellison's Mill) road, and
two companies. Captain Mathewson's B and Captain Gustin's C, at a
rifle pit near Ellison's Mill, in advance, on the right of the road, which
CJommanded the meadow between our position and the advance of the
enemy ; (Sixth Regiment, Colonel Sinclair, absent at Tunstall's Station),
and the Ninth Regiment, Colonel Jackson, in reserve.

The Second Brigade, General Meade, consisting of the Tliird, Colonel
Sickel; Fourth, Colonel Magilton ; Seventli, Colonel Harvey; and
Eleventh, Colonel Gallagher, was held iu reserve. The Eleventh being
on picket along the Chickahominy, four scjuadrons of Fourth Pennsyl-
vania Cavalry, Colonel Cliilds, attached to the division of Pennsylvania
Reserves, held in reserve.

The artillery of the Division, Captain DeHart, Chief of Artilleiy,
consisted of DeHart's Battery C, Fifth United States ; six light twelve-
pounders, posted near centre of the line, near which was a section of
Kern's Battery B, First Artillery, the balance, four guns of Kern's Bat-
tery (all ten-pounder howitzers), on the extreme right of the line ; Coop-
er's Battery B, First Pennsylvania Artillery ; six ten-pounder Parrotts,
two guns under Lieutenant Fullerton on left of road near Ellison's Mill,
the other four guus with Kern's on extreme right ; Easton's Battery A,
First Pennsylvania Artillery, four twelve-pounders, on right of Ellison's
Mill road ; Smead's Battery K, Fifth United States, six twelve-pounders,
two guns under Lieutenant Van Read near Easton's Battery, the bal-
ance of Smead's Battery on left of the upper road. MartLndale's and
Griffin's Brigades of MoiTell's Division and Edwards' Battery L and M,
Third United States, were ordered to support McCall's Division.

According to General Lee's order of battle, " General Jackson was
to march from Ashland on 25th in the direction of Sla^li Church,
encamping for the night west of the Central Railroad, and to advance
at 3 A. M. on 26th to turn Beaver Dam. A. P. Hill was to cross the
Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge when Jackson's advance beyond that
point should be known, and move directly on Mechanicsville. as soon as
the Mechanicsville bridge should be uncovered. Longstreet and D. H.
Hill were to cross, the latter to proceed to the support of Jackson, and
the former to that of A. P. Hill. The four commands were directed to
sweep down the north side of the Chickahominy toward the York rail-
road, Jackson on the left and in advance, Longstreet nearest the river
and in rear. Huger and Magruder were ordered to hold their positions
against any assault of the enemy, to observe his movements, and to fol-
low Iiim closely should he retreat. * * * Stuart's Cavalry was sent
out on Jackson's right flank, and Pendleton's reserve artillery was left
on Richmond side of Chickahominy, but to be used as required."

Jackson's march was delayed by obstructions placed in its way by
Stoneman's Cavalry. General A. P. HUl says : "In obedience to orders
I concenti-ated (June 26), my division near Meadow Bridge, viz. , the

brigades of J. R. Anderson, Gregg, Field, Pender, and Archer, the brig-
ade of Brancli having been directed to move to the bridge, some seven
miles above, where the Brooke Turnpike crosses the Chickahominy,
the batteries of Braxton, Andrews, Pegram, Crenshaw, Mcintosh, Bach-
man and Johnson, vrith four extra, horses each (Johnson accompanied
Branch), in all about 14,000 men."' Jackson was to inform Branch of
his near appro.ach, and the latter was then to cross the Chickahominy
and move down the river road and clear j\Ieadow Bridge. This done,
A. P. Hill was to cross Meadow Bridge and move do^vn to Mechanics-
ville and clear that bridge for Longstreet and D. H. Hill.

Branch heard of Jackson's approach about 10 A. M. He then crossed
the Chickahominy and endeavored to carry out his instructions, but was
delayed by the Union shirmishers. Neither Branch nor Jackson appear-
ing, and fearing, as he (A. P. Hill) says, that the whole plan would fail,
he determined to cross the Chickahomijay without waiting for Branch.
Field's Brigade seized Meadow Bridge without serious opposition, the
Union force falling back to Mechanicsville. Field advanced toward.
Mechauicsville, followed by Anderson's and Ai-cher's brigades. Gregg'
and Pender, after crossing the Chickahominy, turned short to their right
and moved through the fields to cover the right of the cohimn. A. P.
Hill says : " The enemy opened a concentric fire of artillery on the head
of Field's column, who, throwing his brigade into line of battle, with
Pegram in the centre, steadily advancing, drove the enemy from
Mechanicsville.*' Until the Confederates had passed Mechanicsville
they were opposed only by the Union batteries and skirmishers. The
Fifth Regiment, Colonel Simmons commanding, picketing at Meadow
and jMechanicsville bridges, seeing the enemy advancing in force, fell
back in accordance with orders, and took position in the line of battle on
the right.

The advance of the Confederate force down the river road forced
back the Union cavalry, and three companies of the First Rifles were
sent to its assistance. Major Stone, commanding the First Rifles (Buck-
tails), who opened this notable battle, says: "At 1 P. M. (June 26),.
■while my regiment (six companies, the other four companies being
absent in the Shenandoah Valley,) was doing picket duty on the extreme
right of our line, two companies occupying the railroad and Meadow
bridges over the Chickahominy, one company on the left of the bridges
and the remaining three companies in reserve, I was ordered to take
my reserve companies to the assistance of the cavalry, who were falling

l>ack before the enemy, already advanced to Atlee's Station. I moved
rapidly forward, posted Captain Wistar's company at the junction of
^he three roads leading to Meadow Bridge, Crenshaw's Bridge and
-Atlee's Station ; deployed Captain Irvin's company across Crenshaw's
sroad, 300 yards in advance, and moved Captain Jewett's company for-
ward toward Atlee's, to act as skirmishers for the cavalry beyond the
road leading off to Shady Grove Church. * - * Captain Jewett had
scarcely deployed when the enemy's infantry appeared in his front in
heavy force. He opened fire on them at short range and with great
effect. The enemy halted in confusion ; when they had re-formed he
gave them a second volley. At this moment I learned that my com-
panies guarding the Meadow and railroad bridges had been withdrawn
by order of Colonel Simmons, commanding the Grand Guard, and the
enemy had immediately crossed. I immediately sounded the recall and
directed Captain Jewett to move rapidly to the rear. I rode back to
the junction, where I found Captain Wistar already engaged with the
enemy's troops approaching from Meadow Bridge. His determined
front and steady fire liad checked their advance, but they were gather-
ing heavier forces to the front, ajid soon forced hina to retire. His route
to Meehanicsville was already interrupted and he fell back to the north,
•t^ontesting every inch of the ground. I went back to meet Captain
Jewett's command, turned him off to the left, and, with a small rear guard
of cavalry, made a wide detour to the north. * * * Captain Irwin
liad been advised by the same messenger who brought me news of the
enemy's flank movement to retire to a safe position, but he declined to
do so without orders. When I sent him orders it was already too late,
and he was entirely surrounded. I heard heavy firing in his direction.
* * * None of them returned to camp. (They retired to a swamp
and were finally starved out.) "With the other companies I succeeded,
after a long and fatiguing march through woods and swamps, part of
the way under fire, in making my way to the ford in the swamp above
niy camp. The three companies which had been recalled from picket
had already come safely in. * * * Two companies of United States
Sharpshooters, Captains Drew and Giroux, attached to my command
during the (subsequent) action behaved with great steadiness and deliv-
«ei'ed a most effective fire." The Bucktails and Sharpshooters joined the
Second Regiment in holding the ford above the upper bridge.

Anderson's Confederate Brigade moved to the left of Field's to take
in reverse a Union battery which " was spiteful in its activity ;" Mcln-

tosh's Battery was advanced to support Pegram, then Archer's Brigade
was moved Lo further support Field's left, and Braxton's Battery was
advanced to support Mcintosh's. Gregg and Pender, advancing over
the fields, covered Field s right and attacked the Union force at Ellison's
Mills. The five brigades of A. P. Hill's Division, with Pegram's,
Andrew's, Mcintosh's and Braxton's Batteries in the advance, using
their utmost strength and skill, were unable to force any part of the
Union line. General Lee and President Davis now, in person, ur^-ed on
the Confederates, who made desperate efforts to carry some point of the
Union line ; but after very heavy losses, these advance brigades gave up
the attempt and fell back to a safer distance and opened musketry fire.
Branch's Brigade now, near sunset, coming down from the North, with
Johnson's Battery, was put in to support Field, and a new effort was
made to carry the ford near the upper bridge; but the Second Regiment,,
gallantly led by McCandless, and the Bucktails by Major Stone, succeeded
in repulsing all effo;-ts of the enemy to carry this ford. A portion of
Gregg's and Pender's Brigades, and Ripley's Brigade of D. H. Hill's
Division, supported by the whole of A. P. Hill's Artillery, at the same
time as Branch's attack, at dusk, made a desperate attempt to carry the
left of the Union line near Ellison's Mill. This final effort of the Con-
federates was repulsed with severe loss to them, some of their regiments
being practically annihUated. In the meantime, the First and Third
Pennsylvania Reserve Brigades had been reinforced by Edwards' Bat-
tery, the Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves and a Massachusetts
regiment, all posted on the left of the Ellison's Mill road, and by Martin-
dale's and Griffin's brigades, which were sent to the extreme riglit
where the ground was open and the whole line liable to be turned. The
Fourth Michigan and four companies of Fourteenth Brooklyn, N. Y.,
Regiment, were sent, near dark, to relieve the Fifth Regiment at the
ford, whose ammunition was exhausted. The firing ceased only with
darkness, with the Reserves holding firmly their entire line.

General Porter, commanding Union troops north of the Chika-
hominy, says : "For our success at the battle of MechanicsviUe I desire
especially to commend the admirable dispositions made by Generals
Reynolds and Seymour, owmg to which, with the skillful management
of their men, the losses were few." Seven brigades of Confederates,
supported by two divisions, were engaged : at least 18,000 actually took
part, whcse losses werfe at least 2,000. Two brigades of Union troops,
supported by three brigades, only two brigades seriouslv engaged*

about 6,000. Loss of Union side, 33 killed, 150 wounded, and Irwin's
company Fii-dt Rifles captured 70 men. Twelfth Regiment lost : 2
iilled, 11 wounded and o missing.

McCall's report says : " Where all so gallantly supported the honor of
the flag, it would seem almost invidious to particularize, but my thanks
are particularly due to Generals Reynolds and Seymour, and to Colonels
Simmons, Taggart, Lieutenant-Colonel McCandless and Major Stone,
v\dio were all closely engaged." General Seymour, the only general left
with the divibion after the seven days, in his official report says : '" In
the absence of General Reynolds I may say that much of the credit of this
day belongs to him. His study of the grounds and ample preparations,
«ven to the smallest detail, justify his high reputation as a soldier. * * *
General Meade came up with his brigade, and by his advice, as well as
by the presence of his command, was of valuable assistance. Major
Stone, with rare intellierence, prepared his position and fought it like a
true soldier to the end ; and to Colonel Simmons, since dead, the same
praise is due. To Colonel Taggart, of the Twelfth Reserves, praise is
due for the good service rendered by his regiment, which held on the
left the crossing at Ellison's Mill with the greatest tenacity, repelling
several assaults. Colonel Jackson, of the Ninth, deserves good mention
for the skill with which he relieved the Twelfth, withdrew himself from
battle and covered the movement to Gaines' Mill. Colonel Roberts on
the right rendered excellent service, as did Lieutenant-Colonel McCand-
less, preventing that part of the line from being forced. To tlie artillery
arm belongs also much credit. Captain Easton, since dead, repeated
his glorious conduct of Dranesville, directing his guns with great
•effect. * * * Lieutenant Fullerton, on the left with the Twelfth,
"did excellent service. * * * Men never behaved better. To their
constancy and courage, after all, the good stand made against a greatly
superior force is due, and Pennsylvania may forever be proud of the
memories connected with the deeds of her sons at Mechanicsville." It
Taeing certainly ascertained on the 26th that Jackson's army was moving
to turn the right of the army, it was decided during that night to with-
draw the troops from the advanced liosition at Beaver Dam Creek, and
i;o form a line covering the bridge over the Cliickahominy. Orders
were received by General McCall a short time before daylight to with-
<iraw. These orders were received so late the withdrawal had to be
made by dayhght, a most diflScult and dangerous movement.

• Martindale's, Griffin's and Meade's brigades were withdrawn first

and without injury to them. Init the movement was noticed by the
enemy, who immediately began etTorts to cross Beaver Dam Creek.
These efforts brought on a serious engagement, as the men of the
Twelfth, supported by the Ninth and the Rifles, the latter covering the
withdrawal of the First Brigade, answered the Confederate attack with
a furious fire. Tidball's and Robertson's horse batteries were sent to
assist the infantry. The fire of this Union force was strong enough to
check the advance of the Confederate skirmishers and enable the whole
Union force to withdraw without any serious loss of material or men.

Of this movement McClellan, in his official report, says: "The
delicate operation of withdrawing the troops from Beaver Dam Creek
was commenced shortly before daylight, and successfully executed.
Meade's and Griffin's brigades were the first to leave the ground ; Sey-
mour's Brigade covered the rear with the horse batteries of Tidball and
Robertson ; but the withdrawal was so skillful and gradual, and the
repulse of the preceding day so complete that, although the enemy fol-
lowed the retreat closely and some skirmishing occurred, he did not
appear in front of the new line in force until about noon of the 27th,
when we were prepared to receive hiiu." General Porters report states :
" The firing ceased about 9 p. m,, and the men lay on their arms in ranks
as they stood during the day, while exertions were being made by their
officers to refill the exhausted cartridge-boxes, and to bring food to
such men as had none in their haversacks. * * * AH was made
ready for a renewal of the contest on the old ground, or an advance
towards Richmond via the bridges which the enemy had crossed, should
cm Success warrant it. During the night, however, as the Command-
ing General (who had joined us at an early hour in the afternoon and
remained until about 10 o'clock at night) is aware, numerous accounts
came in which tended to corroborate intelligence of the advance of
Jackson's force from the direction of Gordonsville, whereby our right
was to be effectually flanked without at all weakening the force in our
immediate front. It was thus rendered necessary to select which side
of the Chickahominy should be held in force, there being on each side
an army of our enemies equivalent, in connection with their breast-
works" (liaving over 200 permanent guns in iDosition), " to the whole of
our own. And these armies and defences well connected with each other
and with Richmond, their base."

This statement, made by General Porter, July 8, 18G2, in the light of
subsequent information, is substantially correct. Whereas there were

at that time Union forces, not under McClellan, operating against the
Confederate force in Virginia, exclusive of necessary garrisons, almost if
not quite equal in numbers for dut}"- to the Army of the Potomac. Such
being the case, was McClellan's army fairly supported by the Govern-
ment ? Was there not a systematic effort on the part of certain persons
to deceive both Mr. Lincoln and the geoeral public as to the number of
men for duty in the Army of the Potomac, increasing that number,
at the same time belittling that in the numerous Union commands scat-
tered all about Virginia's circumference ?

How else can we account for the exceptional dullness of the Gov-
ernment and the people, in expecting an inferior army to take a forti-
fied place garrisoned by a superior force.

It may thus be understood why membei's of the Army of the Potomac
of that time clung to McClellan ever after, with all his faults. When
one considers the feelings of the men, who, after so grand a success as
was that of the first day, found that their skill and valor had been
thrown away, because so small a force (which might so easily have
been larger) was expected to accomf)lish the impossible. Who now doubts
that if McClellan had had the reinforcements he might have received
without injury to any interest, the battle of Mechanicsville would have
been but the prelude to the destruction of Jackson's force ? How fear-
fully vvas General Keyes" prophesy to be verified !

Colonel Taggerfs report of Jiily 5th, 1862, says: "On the next
morning, June 27th, having orders to fall back, I ordered the rifle pits
to be cleared, and the men to form on the road in the rear. The firing
had commenced in the morning and was kept up with spirit on both
sides, which made the task of getting the men out of the rifle pits a dif-
ficult and dangerous one. In fact, many of the men seemed so deter-
mined to stay, that they either did not hear the order to fall back, or
would not do so, and a number (perhaps twenty) were left behind, and
were either killed, wounded or taken prisoners. Captain Gustin's com-
pany at the Mill, being detached from the regiment, was in a perilous
position and in danger of being cut off. They maintained their position
for nearly an hour single-handed after my regiment had left, and large
bodies of the enemy's troops had crossed the creek and attempted to
surround them. Captain Gustin finally succeeded in withdrawing his
company with only three men wounded. Captain Gustin's conduct on
this occasion was worth}' of all praise.

Captain Mathewson succeeded in withdrawing liis compau}' at an

early hour of the day. I regret to report that nearly all the men left
their knapsacks and many their haversacks behind them, not having
time to secure them before leaving. We moved slowly towards Gaines'
Creek, where we halted and took up a new position, in compUance with
orders from General McCall. I desire to mention particularly the good
conduct of the officers and men on the occasion. Major Baldy was
active and energetic in cheering on the men, and gallantly exposing
himself while the battle lasted. Captains Daniels, Mathewson, Gustin,
Horn, Schelling, Oliver, Baker, Bolar and Eyster, were constantly with
their men, encouraging them by their exhibition of coolness and
bravery. Captain Oliver received a slight wound in tbe cheek, but con-
tinued on duty till the battle closed. Captain Bolar rendered excellent
service by o^ serving with his field glass the effect of our fire, both artil-
lery and infantry. The subaltern and non-commissioned officers are
equally deserving honorable mention as well as the men. All did their
duty nobly. Adjutant McMurtrie, Avho was under fire the whole time,
is deserving of honorable mention for his coolness and bravery and the
alacrity with which he obeyed all orders intrusted to his charge. Lieu-
tenant FuUerton, commanding the section of artillery, displayed great
coolness and intrepidity. He worked his guns without intermission for
nearly five hours. I respectfully present the name of this officer to
attention of the General commanding."

CHAPTER VI.

GAINES' MILL. ALLEN'S FARM AND SAVAGE STATION.

General McCall's report states : " My division moved leisurely and
steadily to the ground designated in rear of Gaines' Mill, wliere it arrived
at 10 A. M. Here I was notified by General Porter that my division,
having been deprived of mvich sleep during the previous night and hav-
ino- been engaged for three hours that morning with the enemy, would
"be held in reserve that day." General McClellan's report states : " The
position at Beaver Dam Creek, although so successfully defended, had its
right flank too much in the air, and was too far from the main army to
make it available to retain it longer. I therefore determined to send the
heavy guns at Hogan's and Gaines" houses over the Chickahotniny dur-
ing the night, with as many of the wagons of the Fifth Corps as possible,
and to draw the corps itself to a position stretching around the bridges,
where its flanks would be reasonably secure and it would be within sup-
porting distance of the main army. General Porter carried out my
orders to that effect. It was not advisable at that time, even had it been
practicable, to withdraw the Fifth Corps to the right bank of the Chicka-
hominy. Such a movement would have exposed the rear of the army,
placed it between two fires, and enabled Jackson's fresh troops to inter-
rupt the movement to James River, by crossing the Cliickahominy in the
vicinity of Jones Bridge before we could reach ]\ralvern Hill with our
trains." Morell's Division held the left of the line in a strip of woods on.
the left bank of the Gaines' Mill stream, resting its left flank on the
descent to the Cliickahominy, which was swept by our artillery on both
sides of the river, and extendiiig into open ground on the right towards
New Cold Harbor. In this line General Butterfield's Brigade held the
extreme left. General Martindale's joined his light, and General Griffin's,
still farther to the right, joined the left of Sykes' Division, which, partly
in the woods and partly in open ground, extended in the rear of Cold
Harbor. Each brigade had in reserve t%vo of its own regiments. McCall's
Division was formed in a second line in rear of the first ; Mtade's
Brigade on the left, near the Cliickahominy; Reynolds' Brigade on the

right, covering the approaches from Cold Harbor and Dispatch Station
to Sumner's Bridge ; and Seymour's Brigade in reserve to the second line,
still farther in the rear.

General P. St. George Cooke (commanding cavalry) was posted be-
hind a hill in rear of (left of) the position and near the Chickahonnny.
The troops were all in position by noon, with the artillery on the com-
manding ground and in the intervals between the divisions and brigades.
Besides the division batteries, there were Robertson's and Tidball's horse
batteries from the artillery reserve, the latter posted on the right of
Sykes' Division, and the former on the extreme left of the line in the val-
ley of the Chickahominy.

Porter's report says : " Believing my force too small to defend suc-
cessfully so long a line, I asked of General Barnard (Chief Engineer of
the Army), who had selected and pointed out this position, to represent
to the Major-General commanding the necessity of reinforcements, and
he was to send me felling axes for defensive purposes." General Bar-
nard neglected these requests. Porter and others contend that if they had
heen attended to, that is, if Porter had received reinforcements earlier,
and had had axes to intrench his new position, the first position taken
up could have been held.

Porter's report further states : ' ' Deserters from their ranks and
loyal citizens of Virginia represented that General Jackson, with 50,000
men, had j 'ined his forces with those of A. P. Hill and D. H. Hill and
Longstreet, from Richmond, and that they were advancing with the
determination to overwhelm and crush the Arjny of the Potomac."
(Lee's plan as heretofore given was, in fact, at this time being carried
out.) " The dust fi'om the immense columns of the enemy could be
seen for miles, and soon our scouts and pickets warned us that they
were extending over our whole front. About 2 P. M. they began with
their skirmishers to feel for the weakest point of our position, and soon
large bodies of infantry, supported by a warm fire cf artillery, engaged
our whole line. Repulsed in every direction, a few houi-s of ominous
silence ensued, indicating that their trooiDS were being massed for an
overwhelming attack. Our infantry and artillery were di'awn in
towards the centre and posted to meet the avalanche. Reinforcements
were again asked for and all available troops were sent forward by the
Commanding General." The answers of Keyes, Heintzelman, Sumner,
and Franklin, the corps commanders south of the Chickahominy, to
McClellan's circular of the 26th asking how many troops they could

each spare to help Porter, and the telegrams from the same on the 27th,
would seem to confirm Porter's statement. Franklin sent Slocum's
Division, Sumner, French's and Maogher's brigades. Heintzelman,
Avhose corps had been engaged on the 35th, could spare none, but sent
troops to take French's and Maeghers place on Sumner's line.

Porter's report continues as follows : "About »j o'clock the enemy
renewed the attack, advancing immense bodies of infantry under cover of
artillery, along the road from Cold Harbor to the Adam's House, immedi-
ately upon our right and centre, where Sykes' Division and Griffin's
brigade were placed. This furious attack was successfully resisted and
repulsed, but immediately renewed by fresh troops, and the reserves
were pushed as rapidly as possible into the woods to the support of
Griffin, whose regiments were relieved upon the expenditure of their
ammunition. This and all our positions were held against the enormous
odds, and the enemy were at times driven back by our battalions of
fresh troops as they were successively thrown into action. At each
repulse by us fresh troops were thrown by the enemy upon our exhausted
forces, and in such numbers and so rapidly that it appeared as if their
reserves were inexhaustible. * * * The promised reinforcements
(Slocum's Division) arrived just as the last of McCall's troops had been
sent in to the relief of those of Morell's battalions, whose ammunition
had been exhausted, or to take the place of those which had been nearly
cut to pieces. Newton's Brigade of Slocum's Division, being in advance,
was promptly led, regiment by regiment, to the right of Griffin's
Brigade and left of Sykes' Division, into the thickest of the fight by its
gallant commander, and was soon followed in the same manner by
Taylor's Brigade, each regiment relieving the regiment in advance as
soon as the ammunition of the latter was exhausted.

In the meantime, Sykes, hard pressed on the right, * * * required
support, and Bartlett's Brigade of Slocum's Division was sent to his
relief. " * * Previous to the arrival of Slocum's Division, Reynolds,
having repulsed the enemy in his front, and hearing the tremendous
contest on his left, had, acting under a true maxim and with the gener-
ous spirit of the soldier, moved to the sound of cannon, and led his men,
regiment after regiment, where our hard-pressed forces required most
assistance. * * * As if for a final effort, just as darkness was cover-
ing everything from view, the enemy massed his fresh regiments on
the right and left and tlirew them with overpowering force against our
thinned and wearied battalions. In anticipation of this, our artillery.

which till now liad been engaged at favorable points, * * * or held
in reserve, was now thrown to the front to cover tlie withdrawal of our
retiring troops. The batteries already engaged continued i)laying on
the coming horde, while the otiiers (in all about eighty guns) success-
ively opened as our troops withdrew from in front of their fire, and
checked in some places and in others drove back the advancing
masses.

All appeared to be doing well, our troops withdrawing in order
to the cover of their guns, the enemy retiring, and victory, so far
as possession of the field was concerned, had already settled upon our
banners, Avhen to my great surprise the artillery on the left was thrown
into confusion by a charge of cavalry coming from the front. With no
infantry to support, these and the other batteries limbered up and
moved to the rear, some with deliberation and only after dealing
destruction to the enemy, others in haste, but without confusion, leaving
the battlefield with no enemy upon it. The explanation of this is that
* * * General Cooke, doubtless misinformed, ordered it (Fifth United
States Cavalry), as I have since learned, to charge between our infantry
and artillery and the enemy on our left flank. * * * This charge,
executed in the face of a withering fire of infantry, and in the midst of
heavy cannonading, resulted, of course, in their being thrown into con-
fusion, and the bewildered horses, regardless of the efforts of their
riders, wheeled about and dashed through the batteries. * * * This
convinced the gunners that they were charged bj^ the enemy. * * *
At this juncture the cheering shouts of French and Meagher's men were
heard advancing to our support."

General Seymour, the only General with the division, reports July
15th, 1863, the action of Gaines' Mill, as follows : " The several brigades
of the division, arriving successively upon the ground selected for the
next point of resistance near Gaines' Mill, were formed as a reserve to
MorrelUs and Sykes' Divisions, already posted in battle order. The con-
test here may be described briefly as a struggle for the masteiy of a
body of woods on our front and left, the possession of which gave con-
trol of the open ground in our rear, over which passed the roads to the
bridges over the Chickahominy, by which wo must be supported or
retire. Morrell's Division occui)ied these woods, Sykes' ground com-
paratively open to the right. This division was in rear of the woods in
reserve. Reynolds' Brigade on the right, Meade's on the left, Seymour's
as a reserve to the division, in rear of it. Cooper's battery was on the

riglit. overlooking open ground towards Cold Harbor, and the batteries
of Dellart, Easton and Kerns on the left, sweeping from commanding
ridges the space between the woods and the Chickahominy. The cav-
alry covered the main bridge still farther to the rear. The engagement
commenced fiercely about 3 p. M., and such overpowering numbers
were brought into action by the enemy, that it was soon necessary to
send forward this division, in support of the line already engaged.
Regiment after regiment advanced, relieved regiments in front, in turn
Avithstood, clieeked, repelled or drove the enemy, and retired, their
ammunition l^eing exhausted, to breathe a few moments, to fill their
cartridge boxes, again to leturn to the contested woods. Some of these
regiments stood for four hours, scarcely changing position, yielding to no
odds and to no diminution of their own numbers.

At times i^arts of the line would be driven from its ground, but only
to receive aid and to drive the enemy in his turn. The woods were
strewn with the heroic dead of both sides, and multitudes of wounded,
and dying sought every hollow affording even momentary shelter from
the incessant and pitiless fire. Through such scences, upon such ground,
the Reserve Corps principally enacted its part. Several regiments were
detailed from their brigades to the support of distant points ; no brigade
went into action entire, and it is difficult to describe connectedly the
movement of any one command. Of the First Brigade, the Second Regi-
ment, Lieutenant-Colonel McCandless, was detached to the left in sup-
port of General Morrell's line. The Bucktails, First, Fifth and Eighth,
went in to relieve the left of Sykes' Division and the right of Morrell's.
They held their ground well and steadfast, even after four hours' work
had exhausted their ammimition. The First only was relieved, retired,
and after some rest subsequently advanced a second time. The Eighth,
posted in support of two batteries of Sykes' Division, was advanced to
relieve the Second U. S. Infantrj-, where it gallantly repulsed an attack
of the enemy. In the Second Brigade, the Third and Fourth Regiments
were also ordered forward to supjjort the main line of battle, and the
Foui-th relieved Warren's Zouaves, the Third the Fourth Michigan ;
these both did manly service. The Fourth held the enemy in check for
some time, but was compelled to fall back. The Ninth, of Seymour's
Brigade came to its relief. It reformed and again returned to support
the Third, still further to the left, was finally overpowered, and fell back
in good order. Tlie Third, Colonel Sickel, was engaged for two hours,
losing many men. The Eleventh had been ordered to relieve an

exhausted regiment in front, and moved into line through the woods by
a flank upon the right of the Foxirth New Jersey, at the moment when the
left of Sykes" Diviaion was being reUeved. The enemy, pressing strongly,
fell upon the Eleventh, and finding it at disadvantage, surrounded it
and compelled it to yield. The New Jersey (regiment) shared the same
fate.

The Third Brigade, early in the day, was ordered to the extreme
right, to support batteries, but the attack being developed more to the
left, the Twelfth was left in support, and the Ninth and Tenth moved to
the rear of the woods, into which they were soon ordered. The Ninth.
Colonel Jackson, reheved the Fourth on the right of the woods at a mo-
ment when the enemy endeavored to advance ; joined by parts of the
Ninth Massachusetts and Sixty Second Pennsylvania, it drove him back
across a field in front, thereby exposing itself to a severe fire, under
which it fell back. Reforming in the vv-oods it returned, but could not
force the enemy, whose forces rapidly increased. Again it fell to the
rear and again advanced with no better success. The enemy's weight
was overpowering, but the Ninth took one of his colors from him. Ad-
jutant Swearingin, doing his duty like a brave soldier, was here severely
wounded. The Tenth, more employed in the support, was not so seri-
ously engaged.

Towai'ds evening both the right and left of the line was forced. The
enemy came through in great mmibers, and from the edge of the woods
poured fire upon the artillery. The batteries had already played an
important part. They now endeavored to drive the enemy, and opened
with rapidity and precision, but could not continue successfully against
the bullets of the enemy at this short range. Cai^tain Easton, nobly
encouraging and cheering lais men, shouted that they should uever have
his gxms except over his body. This gallant gentleman fell and his bat-
tery was lost with him. First Lieutenant WiUiam Stitt, of tliis battery,
was severely wounded here. The horse of Lieutenant Dietrich was shot
under him, both behaved with courage and coolness. Captain Mark
Kerns was wounded early in the battle, but, in spite of the injury, kept
the field, and when the enemy came down quickly upon his battery
loaded and fired the last shots himself, and brought four of his gims off
the field. Captain DeHart's battery did its best service. » * * Cap-
tain DeHart was wounded here. Officers and men all displayed the
greatest gallantry, but no efforts could repel the rush of a now success-
ful foe, under whose fire rider and horse went down and guns lay immoTa-

ble upon the field. Some time here, during the confusion Incident to
relieving regiments, etc.. General Reynolds was taken, with Captain
Kingsbmy , his A. A. G. No greater loss befell the division on this or any-
subsequent day. Supports came up about this time. The cavalry came
forward, and the division fell back a few hundred yards to reform and
to pass the night.

Still later, in conformity to original plans, it withdrew with the rest
of the army across the Chickahominy. * * * Major Baldy, of the
Twelfth, behaved excellently. Adjutant McMurtrie was noted for spe-
cial coolness and good conduct under fire."

Colonel Taggart, commanding Twelfth Regiment, reports July 12,
1862, as follows : "At the commencement of the battle of Gaines' Mill,
on the 27th of June, the regiment under my command was ordered to
support a battery of regular artillery near the centre of the field. After
being in this position for two hours the regiment was ordered to support
GriflSn's battery, and moved to a position on the right of the field. For
some time the battery was not engaged. I placed my men under cover
of a hollow slope or ravine, where we rested. During the afternoon the
enemy's batteries obtained a good range of our position, and we were
subject to a most galling cross fire, by which we lost several killed and
wounded. Toward dark, when the batteries were preparing to leave, I
moved the regiment off in tolerably good order toward the road leading
to Woodbury's Bridge over the Chickahominy, which I crossed after
dark, and bivouaced on the flats on the opposite side. Although not
actively engaged, the officers and men were exposed nearly all the time to
a heavy fire of the enemy's artillery, and under the circumstances they
behaved with coolness and courage. * * * Casualties : five killed,
thirteen wounded and eight missing." The battle of Gaines' Mill was
never very clearly reported by either Union or Confederate commanders,
and exact details cannot be given. The foregoing extracts, the writer
believes, give a correct idea of the battle. The Twelfth Regiment having
only acted as support to batteries, the writer of its histoiy has spared
his strength for other battles where it was more actively engaged.

The numbers engaged were : Union — At beginning, about 25,000 ;
reinforcements, about 10,000. Confederate — Three grand divisions and
one army, at least 70,000 muskets. Losses — Union, about 7,000 ; Con-
federate, at least 9,000.

McClellan's report of this engagement closes with the following :
'Although we were finally forced from our first line after the enemy

IoslA been repeatedly driven back, yet the objects sought for had been
obtained. The enemy was held at bay. Our siege guns and material
-were saved, and the right vv'ing had novr joined the main body of the
army. * * * Diedrich's, Kneirem's and GrLmm's batteries took posi-
tion during the engagement in front of General Smith's line on the right
l)ank of the stream ; and, vs-ith a battery of sicv;e guns, served by the
First Connecticut Artillery, helped to drive back Ihe enemy in front of
^General Porter (on his extreme left). So threatening were the move-
ments of the enemy on both banks of the Ciiickahominy that it was
impossible to decide, until the afternoon, where tlie real attack would
he made. Large forces of infantry were seen during the day near the
»old Tavern on Franklin's right, and threatening demonstrations were
frequently made along the entire line on this side of the river, which
Tendered it necessary to hold a considerable force in position to meet
them." McCl^lan, as Commanding General, ousht to have been at
Gaines" Mill eaaly in the day to have assisted, by his presence, the
'OJ3icers commanding in that battle, and in order to have determined
when reinforcements were necessary, and whether they could be spared
f i-om the south bank. With modern weapons, the action moves faster
than formerly ; consequently, the commanding generals of brigades,
-divisions, corps and armies must be present in person, if possible, at the
key or hard-fighting points.

McClellan's report continues : ' ' Tlie operation of this day proved
the Numerical superiority of the enemy. * * * i therefore effected a
junction of our forces ; this probably might have been * * *
leifected on the left bank. * * * We would have been compelled to
fight if concentrated on that bank. Moreover, we would at once have
been followed by the enemy's forces upon the Richmond side of the
xiver, operating on our rear, and if * * * we had been defeated we
-would have been forced to fall back on the White House, and probably
on Fort Monroe. And as both our flanks and rear would then have
been exposed, our entire supply train, if not the greater part of thearmy
itself, might have been lost. T7/e movements of the enemy sJwwed that
ihey expected this. * * * It may be asked why * * * I did not
a,t once march directly on Richmond. * * * The enemy was on our
rear, and there was every reason to believe he would sever our communi-
cations with the White House. We had on hand but a limited supply
of rations. * * * It would have required considerable time to carry
thii sti'ong works arormd that place." McClellan's decision in

this case is supported by (he fact that General Grant, ^vith an army
very much superior in numbers to the enemy's, being near the positiorR
of Gaines' Mill battlefield, made no attempt to attack Richmond from
the north side of the James ; but no doubt, reluctantly, and against the
feelings of the military critics at Washington, after the battle of Col J
Harbor, followed in the footsteps of McClellan and made a flank moTc-
ment to south side of the James. Moreover, General Grant went 1o a
point not within the enemy's line, as did McClellan, but to one held by
a Union army. While the losses of the Confederates in fighting McClel-
lan equalled those of McClellan's army, the losses in General Grant's
army, fighting Lee's inferior army, were almost as great as the entire
force opposed to him.

General McClellan's report continues : "On the night of the 27th;
corps commanders were assembled and instructions giv^^n in regard to-
the flank movement to the James.

Keyes' Corps was sent across White Oak Swamp. It had crossed
by noon of 28th. Orders were given to the different commanders i o»
load their wagons with ammunition and provisions and the necessary
baggage of oflScers and men, and to destroy all property which could
not be transported with the army. Orders were also given to leave witli
those of the sick and wounded who could not be transported a proper
complement of surgeons and attendants, with a bountiful supply of
rations and medical supplies." The Confederate Surgeon-General eriti-
cises very severely some of their officers for making improper use of
these supplies. Twenty-five hundred beef cattle and the trains were
started on the 28th over White Oak Swamp, and moved unmolested. Irs
fact, this flank movement of the Army of the Potomac was not sus-
pected by the Confederates. Their cavalry followed Stoneman toward
Yorktown and Jackson moved toward Williamsburg, and Lee's army
lost a whole day which it never recovered. Porter's Corps left' it^
camp near the south bank of the Chickahominy on the afternoon of the
28th, followed by the artillery reserve, guarded by the Pennsylvania
Reserve Division, which latter moved at 8 P. M. ; marching all night-
reached the north side of the White Oak Swamp about noon on the 29th.
then crossed the Swamp and went into the position about 5 P, M, that
Keyes' and Porter's Corps had left. Rested here in a dry (no wat er>
camp a short time, then resumed the march through a country desti-
tute of drinking water. The weather being intensely hot, the sufferii^
of the men was terrible.

About dusk the division resumed its march, and after dark came to
the position of New Market Cross Roads. Here a small stream of fairly
good water was found. While enjoying this refreshing water httle did
they dream that within twenty- four hours it would run red with their
blood. During the evening the division was moved about. It was
moved out the New Market Road and then back to the open ground
where it had rested, the men from fatigue and heat falling down and
going to sleep the instant a halt was made.

" On the morning of the 28th, while General Franklin was with-
drawing his command from Golding's Farm, the enemy ojiened
(with artillery) upon General Smith's Divison from Garnett's Hill
from the valley above, and from Gaines' Hill on the oppo-
site side of the Chickahominy, and shortly afterwards two Georgia
regiments attempted to carry the works about to be vacated, but this
attack was repulsed by the Thirty-Third New York and Forty-Ninth
Pennsylvania on picket and a section of Mott's battery. * * * Dur-
ing the night of the 28th the Corps of Sumner and Heintzelman and
Smith's Division were ordered to an interior line, the left resting on
Keyes' old entrenchments, and curving to the right so as to cover
Savage Station. Slocum's Division was ordered to Savage Station in.
reserve. This force was ordered to hold their position until dark of the
29th, in order to cover the withdrawal of the trains, and then to fall
back across the White Oak Swamp and imite with the remainder of the
army."

BATTLE OF ALLEN'S FARM, 29th JUNE.

" General Sumner vacated his earth works at Fair Oaks Jime 29th
at dayhght, and marched his command to Orchard Station, halting at
Allen's Field, between Orchard and Savage Stations. The Divisions of
Richardson and Sedgwick were formed ou the right of the railroad
facing towards Richmond, Richardson holding the right and Sedgwick
joining the right of Heintzelman's Corps. The first lice of Richardson's
Division was held by General French, General Caldwell supporting in
the second. A log building in front of Richardson's Division was held
by Colonel Brooke with one regiment (Fifty-Third Pennsylvania) with
Ilazzard's battery on an elevated piece of ground, a little in rear of
Brooke's command. At 9 A. M. the enemy commenced a furious attack
on the right of Sedgwick, but were repulsed. The left of General
Richardson was next attacked, the enemy attempting in vain to carry
the position of Geneial Biooke. Captain Hazzard's battery and P ji'.Vs.

battery, which afterwards replaced it, were served with great effect,
while the Fifty -Third Pennsylvania kept up a steady fire on the advanc-
ing enemy, compelling them at last to retire in disorder. The enemy
renewed the attack three times, but were as often repulsed. Slocum
was moved eaiiy on the 29th across White Oak Swamp, and relieved
Keyes, who moved on towards the James Eiver."

BATTLE OF SAVAGE STATION, 29th JUNE.

During the morning of the 29th General Franklin, hearing that the
enemy had repaired the bridges ovtr the Cliickahominy, and was mov-
ing toward Savage Station, sent this information to General Sumner and
moved Smith's Division to the Station. "A little after noon General
Sumner united his forces with those of General Franklin and assumed
coramand. General Heintzelman with Lis corps had been ordered to
hold the Williamsburg road until dark at a point where there were sev-
eral field works and a skirt cf timber between these works and the rail-
road, but he fell back before niaht and crossed the White Oak Swamp at
Brackett's Ford."

On reaching Savage Station, Sumner and Franklin's commands
were drawn up in line of battle in the large field to the left of the ruil-
road, the left resting on the edge of the woods and the right extending
down the railroad. General Brooke with liis brigade held the woods to
the left of the field, where he did excellent service,, receiving a wound
but retaining his command. General Hancock's Brigade was thrown
into the woods on the right and front. At 4 P. Bl. the enemy commenced
his attack in large force by the Williamsburg Road. It was gallantly
met by General Burns' Brigade, supported and reinforced by two lines
in reserve, and finally by the Sixty-Ninth New York. Hazzard's and
Petit's batteries again doing good service. Osborne's and Bromball's
batteries also took part effectively in tliis action, which was continued
with great obstinacy untU between 8 and 9 P. M., when the enemy
were driven from the field. By midnight all the troops were en the
road to White Oak Swamp Bridge, General French's Brigade acting as
rear guard, and at 5 A. M. on 30th all had crossed and the bridge was
destroyid.

CHAPTER VII.

BATTLE OF NEW MARKET CROSS ROADS,
or Glendale, Charles City Cross Roads, Nelson's Farm, Frazier's Farm,
(all of these names have been given to the battle fought near New
Market Cross Roads) June 30th, 18G2.

Description of the battlefield of New Market Cross Roads : Starting
from the junction of the New Market and Charles City Cross Roads, the
New Market Road makes a bend to the southwest and then turns north-
west ; at about five hundred yards from the cross roads it turns almost
at right angles to the last direction and runs southwest, continues this
direction about a thousand yards, and then turning nearly west contin-
ues tbis direction about five hundred yards, when it turns southerly and
leads off towards Richmond and the James River, Just at the last
turn mentioned a branch road leads off northwestward. At the turn
before the last above mentioned, a country road leads southeastward
toward the Charles City (Quaker) Road, which latter it inter-
sects just north of the Willis Methodist Church. Starting from
the New Market and Charles City Cross Roads, the Charles City
road leads almost northwest towards White Oak Swamp in one
direction, and almost south towards the James River at Malvern Hill
in the other.

The New Market Road east of the Cross Roads rims a little north of
east ; this part of this road is called the Long Bridge Road. 1 he road
from While Oak Swamp, over which the greater part of the Army of
the Potomac (all but Heintzelman's Corps) passed, after leaving the
bridge over the swamp, runs a little west of south till it intersects the
Long Bridge Road, which latter road the army followed to the New
Market and Charles City Cross Roads. (Reference should be made to the
map to understand fully the region under consideration.)

The wb.ole country south cf White Oak Swamp and within several
miles of the New L'arket and Charles City Cross Roads is wooded, trav-
ersed by small streams with swampy banks, the streams rimning north-
east to White Oak Swamp or southerly to the James River. The only
openings in the woods are occasional farms. These are somewhat con-
nected near the cross roads and thus there is so muf^h cleared land there-

abouts that this general ' ' clearing " or settlement has been named ' ' Glen-
dale." There is a " Frazier " farm near White Oak Swamp, a lit le south
of the bridge over which the greater party of the Army of the Potomac
crossed, and, judging from the Confederate reports, there must be a
Frazier farm about two miles west of the cross roads. Nelson's farm is
a little south of the cross roads. There is a clearing on the Quaker Road
beginning two to three hundred yards south of the cross roads and ex-
tending about 500 yards westwardly from the road and half a mile south-
erly along the road, also extending east of the road 200 to 300 yards.

At the third bend of the New Market Road (west of the cross roads),
where this road takes its west course, there is a series of fields extending
north and south of this east and west course of the road. Where the
road crosses them they are between 400 and 500 yards wide ; to the south
of the road the opening extends 400 to 500 yards ; to the north of the road
these openings extend half a mile or more, becoming wider in an east
and west direction as they extend toward the north. A small stream,
with swampy wooded shores, rises in a dense wood to the west of this
open ground, crosses the New Market Road just west of this opening,
then runs easterly 400 or 500 yards, where it joins a small branch coming
from the north ; the stream thus formed flows south and soon becomes
an impassable swamp.

In passing towards the James River, early on the morning of June
80th, General McClellan notified Generals Sumner and Heintzelman that
he wished them to cover the New Market and Charles City Cross Roads,
from the northwest and west, until the army trains had passed that
point. He seems to have given only general directions to this effect,
leaving these corps commanders to use their discretion as to how it
should be done. It will be noted, in this connection, tliat these were the
senior corps commanders of the Army of the Potomac, corps com-
manders who had been appointed to command by the President's
famous corps order. McClellan was compelled to use great caution in
giving <hem orders, lest there might be a conflict of authority ; also, it
.should be further noted, that a very serious misunderstanding had taken
place, the day before, between Sumner and Heintzelman, the former
accusing the latter of deserting him.

Some time during the night of tlie 29tli Porter's Corps had rested near
these cross roads. Porter had gone out towards Richmond on the New
Market Road in the afternoon of the 29ili to look over the ground for the
purpose of arranging his command, the Fifth Corps and Pennsylvania

Heserve Division, for its defence, until other troops then in the rear should
come up to relieve him. Upon the arrival of the advance, Heintzel-
maa's Corps, Porter moved his own corps proper, Morreil's and Sykes'
<Jivifiions, on toward the James River. About 4 P. M. on 29th, the writer
<beinga staff officer of Colonel Hunt, commanding the artillery reserve of
the Army of the Potomac), reported to General Porter on the New Mar-
ket Road, in the fields near the point where this road takes its course
■west%vard, with the German batteries of Diedrich and Knieriem. Lieu-
tenant Randall, with his battery from the same force, reported about the
jBame time. He was directed to report to General McCall. It is well
Imown that General Porter failed to order McCall, who was attached to
bis corps, to follow his other divisions toward the James. He also faUed
to give these German batteries any orders.

The troops that took part in this battle and their positions at the
beginning, as near as can be learned, were as follows : The bridge over
which the greater part of the Union army passed White Oak Swamp was
^destroyed about 10 a. m. The troops posted there to defend this crossing,
under the general command of General Franklin, were, at this time,
Richardson's Division of Sumner's Corps and Neglee's Brigade of Peck's
Division of Keyes' Corps to the left of the road facing north, Smith's
Division of Franklin's Corps to the right of the road. These forces were
afterwards, between 2 and 6 P. M., reinforced by Dana's and Sully's
brigades of Sumner's Corps. There was only artillery firing and skir-
mishing at this point during the battle. Slocum's Division of Franklin's
Corps was posted early in the day to the right of Charles City Road, its
left resting on that road, its line facing nearly north towards White Oak
Swamp; only artillery firing and infantry skirmishing along Slocuni's
front during the battle.

To the left of Slocum, with his right resting on or near the Charles
City Road (at a point two miles from the cross roads), and his left near
the New Market Road, extended Kearney's Division of Heintzelman's
Corps The Second Brigade, Birney's, on the right, extendmg over a
spa^e nearly two miles long from the Charles City Road to Robinson's
Brigade, posted on Birney's left. There was only artillery firing and
infantrv skirmishing on Birney's front during the battle. During the
day the' Fifth Michigan, of Berry's Brigade, was sent to Birney's sup-
port Robinson's (First) Brigade, of Kearney's Division, rested its left
near the New Market Road, near the point where this road makes its
Tight an-le bend t.> the southwest, five or six hundred yards from tW

cross roads. Thompsch's battery "H,"' Fiist United States Artillery-,
was posted on its left ; Twentieth Indiana on tlie right, in a hastily-
made breastwork, Fifty-Seventh Pennsylvania in the centre, Sixty-
Third Pennsylvania on the left. One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania in
reserve. Robinson's Brigade was supported at different times dming
the action by regiments from Berry's, Birney'sand Caldwell's Brigaiies,
and late at night by Taylor's Brigade.

To the left and front of Kearney's Division, across the New Maiket
Road, 1,200 to 1,500 yards from the cross roads, was posted McCall's
Division as follows : On the right, Randol's battery, six Hght twelve-
pounders, about 300 yards from the New Market Road ; immediately to
the right of the Road was posted Kerns' battery " G,", First Pennsyl-
vania Artillery, four ten-pounder rifles, under command of Lieutenant
Amsden (Captain Kerns was wounded at Gaines Mill) ; immediately to
the left of the New Market Road was posted Cooper's battery "B,"
'First Pennsylvania Artillery (six ten-pounder parrots) ; about 300 yards
to the left of the road were posted Diedrich's and Knieriem's German
batteries (eight twenty -pounder rifles); extending in a line of battle behind
and nearly parallel to the line of batteries were the Second and Third
Brigades of Pennsylvania Reserves; in rear of these was posted the First
Brigade in reserve. General M( ade commanding the Second Brigade..
Colonel Simmons, of the Fifth, the First Brigade, and General Seymour
the Third Brigade. The regiments of the Second Brigade were posted
as follows : The Fourth on the right ; the Seventh, with remnant of the
Eleventh, on left of Fourth ; the First, Colonel Roberts, on skirmish line.
The regiments of the Third Brigade ; Ninth on the right, Tenth on its left.
Twelfth on left of Tenth and forming the left of the Division (Sixth Regi-
ment absent). The regiments of First Brigade : First Rifles (five com-
panies) on the right, Second on left of Rifles, Fifth on left of Second,
Eighth on left of the Brigade, Third (Col. Sickel) on skirmish. Fourth
Pennsylvania Cavalry, Colonel Childs, to the left rear of McCall's
Division.

Five hundred to 600 yards to the left rear of McCall's Division was;
posted the right of Hooker's Division of Heintzelman's Corps, its rights
(Grover's Brigade) resting on the country road which leads from t!i&
New Market Road to Quaker Road. The regiments of his right brigade
(Grover's) posted as follows : Sixteenth Massachusetts on the right, its
right on the country road, its line extending perpendicularly to the left
from this road; Twenty-sixtli Indiana on line with and to left of Six-

teenth Massachusetts; Eleventh Massachusetts sent to extreme left of
(division) line; First Massachusetts on the right, Second New Hamp-
shire on its left, both in reserve to Sixteenth Massachusetts and Twenty-
Sixth Indiana. Sickles' Brigade of Hooker's Division was extended iu
line on the left of Grover's Brigade. Carr's Brigade of Hooker's Divi-
sion held in reserve. All artillery of Hooker's Division was sent to
James River before the battle.

Sedgwick's Division of Sumner's Corps was posted in the morning
on the Quaker Road, about half way between the cross roads and Willis
Church, in the opening heretofore described. In the action of the
afternoon " Kirby's battery was placed upon a knoll on the left of the
division and west of the road." "Tomkins' battery on a knoll on the
west of the road, and in rear of the centre of the division, his caisson*
were placed on the east side of the road, the fence being leveled
between them and the guns" (Quaker Road supposed to be meant).
Kirby says : "Toward night was placed in position in rear of our troops
* * * Enemy did not approach within 500 yards of my position."

The Confederate general, Longstreet, in command of his own and
A. P. Hill's Division, had brought up these divisions to a point about
tliree miles west of New lilarket and Charles City Cross Roads on the
evening of June 29, Longstreet's Division leading.

During the morning of the 30th he sent out Jenkins' Brigade to find
out the position of the Union troops. This duty Jenkins evidently did
very well. Longstreet says : " My own division was put in position for
attack or defence at once. Ordered forward Branch's Brigade of Hill's
Division to support my right flank, the rest of Hill's Division being left
for the time on the road to secure the right or to move up to support the
front."

It will be seen (especially by examining the map) that there was a
dangerous interval between McCall's left and Hooker's right, also that
there was not a good connection between McCall's right and Kearney's
left. These two weak points on the general line of defence of the cross
roads were the cause of all the trouble on the Union side during the
action, and of the unhappy controversy which began about 4 P. M,, June
30, 1862, and which remains still unsettled. This matter wiU be further
discussed after the description of the movements of the troops on both
sides. It was not the intention of the Uruon Commander to take the
offensive at this point, although General Longstreet seems to have
apprehended something of the kind. Longstreet waited until he heard

General Huger's guns, on the Charles Ciiy Road, open before he started
his attack. He first threw forward Jenkins' (R. H. Anderson's) Brigade
to skirmish and reach up to the Union line of battle. Tlie skirmishers
of this brigade no doubt reached up to the west side of the open ground
in front of McCall's and Kearney's divisions, and from their reports
Longstreet gave his instructions for the attack. He probably learned of
the irregular connection of Kearney's left and McCall's riglit, also that
McCall's left " was in the air." Also that dense woods reached close to
McCall's left, whilst a large open field extended in front of McCall's
right.

His first attack was arranged with Kemper's Brigade on lus right
of the New Market Road, Jenkins' Brigade "straddling" the road, and
Picket's Brigade on Jenkins' left, a large part of Jenkins' Brigade acting
as skirmishers to the whole line. About 4 P. M. Longstreet says he
started his infantry attack. Before, for an hour or more, whilst
Jenkins was skirmisliing forward, he caused his batteries to oj^en upon
McCall's line, to which he says McCall's batteries " replied viciously."
To meet this first attack of Longstreet it wUl be well to see what McCall,
who is to bear the brunt of it, has done. McCall says : " He had a
heautiful battlefield," which means, of course, that he was satisfied
with it ; "but it was too extensive for his force (of say 5,600)."

In the first place, it is evident from the actions of himself, Meade
and Seymour that they expected the attack to begin on their right, and
probably to be principally from that direction during the day. The
enemy was coming generally from that direction. His artillery began
firing first in that direction, and firing was heavy all the morning in
the direction of White Oak Swamp. McCall, Meade and Seymour all
vrent over to the right of the division line of battle and arranged with
General Kearney for a connection between the divisions. But all
seemed to have overlooked the danger on McCall's left, except that
McCall ordered his left regiments refused, until late in the day (too late
to save the left). When Seymour began making some effort at strength-
ening the left, this effort was evidently made with the expectation
that there would be ample time after the battle opened on the right to
complete it. It so happened it was a misfortune that Seymour made
this attempt, for by it he detached a part of his command just as the
enemy's assault reached his front.

The position of Thompson's battery was changed several times, and
finally, as he says, it was echeloned forwai-d on its left piece in order to

reach the enemy. It is believed, from the conformation of the ground
and the Confederate reports, that all the Confederate attacks, except
Featherstone's and Gregg's, against Robinson's front were made in an
oblique direction coming from Robinson's left front, a very advantageous
position for his brigade, the enemy having to pass diagonally across
McCall's right in order to reach Robinson's Brigade.

McCall placed his Third Brigade with its left refused, the Tenth and
Twelfth Regiments facing southwest, but the German batteries facing

"west.

General Seymour took six companies of the Twelfth Regiment and
advanced to the Whitlock House, two to three hundred yards to his left
front, and the men of these companies were in the midst of forming a
barricade when Kemper's Brigade, driving the Union skirmishers before
it, burst upon them. The other four companies of the Twelfth Regi-
ment were in rear of the German batteries to support them. Early in
the afternoon McCall had sent the First Regiment, Colonel Roberts, to
picket the New Market Road and the ground to the right of it, and the
Third Regiment, Colonel Sickel, to picket to the left of this road,
Roberts appears to have seen Kemper's advance, and felt Jenkins' skir-
mishers, and very judiciously called in his regiment and joined the
Second Brigade.

On the left of the road Sickel's men, who were holding the east side
of the Hobson opening, checked Jenkins' skirmishers, and made such
resistance to Kemper's advance in line that Kemper's men, as he
<Kemper) says, thought they had the Union line of battle in their front,
and the brigade charged the skirmish line, of course driving it in. The
Union skirmishers were forced back by such overwhelming numbers,
and passed through the interval between McCall and Hooker, and some
over on General Sickles' Brigade.

Kemper, commanding Longstreet's First Brigade, describes his, the
first attack of the Confederates, as follows : " Formed brigade on right
And nearly perpendicular to the road "—New Market Road— " leading
through Frazier's Farm, one regiment of the Second Brigade (Jenkins')
between my right and the road. Seventeenth Virginia occupying the
j-ight, Twenty-Fourth Virginia the left, First Virginia the centre,
Eleventh Virginia right centre, Seventh Virginia left centre. Posted
Rogers' four gims on eminence near my right, and threw back right
regiment. At 5 P. M. advanced right regiment to front line and
advanced brigade, being the extreme right of general line of battle.

* * * The advance continued to be conducted in" good order
until, very soon coming upon the pickets of the enemy and driving
them in, the men seemed to be possessed of the idea that they were
upon tlie enemy's main Hiie, and in an instant the whole brijrade
charged forward in double-quick time, and with loud cheers ; the cheer-
ing of the men only stemed to direct the fire of the enemy's batteries,
and the movement in double-quick time through dense woods crossed
by a swamp produced more or less confusion ; * * * but a single
idea controlled the minds of the men, which was to reach the enemy's,
line by the directest route and in the shortest time, and no eartlJy
power could have availed to arrest or restrain the impetuosity with
which they rushed toward the foe. * * »

After advancing some twelve hundred yards across two fields and
some woods, the line suddenly emerged into another field, facing a bat-
tery of the enemy, consisting of not less than eight pieces, distant but a
few hundred yards, while the enemy's infantry were formed, protected
by an imperfect and hastily-constructed breastwork and a house near
by ; another battery of the enemy considerably to our left. These twa
batteries and the enemy's infantry poured an incessant fire of shell,
grape, canister and lead upon my lines, and did much execution,

* * * When the command came upon the enemy's batteries there
was no perceptible faltering in the advance of these brave men, who
rushed across the open field, pouring a well-directed fire into the enemy,
driving him from his brea&tworks and the battery in our front. The
guns of the battery were abandoned to us for the time being, and my

command was in virtual possession of the chosen position of the enemy.

* * *

Tlie left of my line was entirely unsupported. * * * i had
supposed that the movement of my brigade was part of a general
advance of our entire lines ; up to this time no firing was heard upon
my left, except the firing of the enemy. * * * At the time when,
my command had obtained virtual possession of the enemy's position,
no Confederate troops were anywhere visible except my own. It now
became evident that the position sought to be held by my command wa&
wholly mitenable by them imless largely and immediately reinforced.
The inferior numbers, which had alarmed the enemy and driven him
from his breastworks and batteries, soon became apparent to him, and
he at once proceeded to make use of his advantage. Wliile greatly
superior numbers hung upon our front, considerable bodies of the enemy

were thrown upon both flanks of my command, which was now in immi-
nent danger of being captured or wholly destroyed. Already they were
capturing officers and men at different points of my line. * * * No
reinforcements appearing, * * * the necessity of withdrawing was
submitted to. * * * Soon after my command was ovei-powered,
and, before all of it had fallen back, General Branch's Brigade was
found coming up, and General Branch was shown by me into the posi-
tion which my gallant men had vainly sought to hold, * » * and
immediately afterwards the Third Brigade, Hunton commanding, took
position on Branch's right."

It is evident that Kemper's Brigade began the battle ; its move-
ments, as described by Kemper, showed that its left carried the breast-
works which the six companies of the Twelfth Regiment were
constructing. These companies of the Twelfth Regiment were in no
shape to meet such a sudden assault. Some of the men had laid down
their guns to collect rails and such like articles to construct the breast-
work. It is evident that neither General Seymour nor any other Union
commanding officer expected this sudden and overwhelming assault at
this point at this time. The men were not only in the described
tmready condition to meet it, but the batteries in their rear could not
open on the enemy until the men of the Twelfth Regiment got back
from in front of the batteries.

Moreover, the Union skirmishers came running in ahead of tliis
attacking force. This attack was to all intents and purposes, so far as
the Twelfth Regiment was concerned, a surprise, for which its com-
manding officers should be held responsible. Tliis successful assault
of Kemper's Brigade carried the officers and men of these six companies
(except those killed, wounded or captured) of the Twelfth Regiment, and
probably the colonel commanding the regiment and the general com-
manding the Third Brigade, the caissons of the German batteries, also
many non-combatants, as well as some of the skirmishers of the Third
Regiment, back past the right of Hooker's Division and toward the open
ground on General Sumner's front. As there were no Union troops to
stop the centre and right of Kemper's Brigade on the left of SlcCall
(tliere being an interval of 500 to 600 yards between him and Hooker),
these Confederates pushed on until they struck the front of Grover's
Brigade and Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, Colonel Owen, of Sedgwick's
Division, on right of Hookers Division, and the fire of Sumner's
Latleries, to right rear of Hooker's Division. Hooker, Grover, Sumner,

and other commanding generals stationed in the left rear of McCall's
Division, seeing such numbers and such a variety of fugitives, were
somewhat justified, at the first impulse, in thinking McCalFs entire
division had been overwhelmed.

But, as Kemper states, such was by no means the case, for almost
immediately after Kemper's men ran through McCall's unprepared left,
McCall organized an attack on Kemper's left rear (it is believed the
greater part of Jenkins' Brigade, as skirmishers advanced with
Kemper). This counter attack of McCall's consisted of the Ninth
Regiment, Colonel Jackson ; Tenth, Colonel Kirk, in front line, supported
by the Fifth, Lieutenant-Colonel Fisher, and Eighth, Colonel Hays, in
second line, all commanded by Colonel Simmons, of Fifth. This force
advanced to the Union left of the New Market Road, and at first drove
back the enemy's rear, being part of Kemper's and Jenkins' Brigades,
capturing many prisoners and several flags. Whilst thus engaged with
Kemper's and Jenkins' men, Branch's Brigade of A. P. Hill's Division,
advancing to cover Kemper's right (having been detached for such
purpose from Hill's* Division), is led in, as heretofore mentioned by
Kemper, and struck these Union regiments whilst they were in the
disarray of a successftil advance. The reserve regiments were com-
pelled to retire with their prisoners (of course losing some). As they fell
back to the open ground their losses became so heavy they retreated in
some confusion toward the position from whence they had started. The
wounded men, who could walk, of these charging regiments, and other
men escorting prisoners, passed to the rear, to the right of Hooker's
Division, thus giving a second alarm to the generals commanding in
rear, and a second report that McCall's Division had been overwhelmed.

The Union batteries could give Simmons' men no assistance till
they had recrossed the field in front of the batteries, but General
McCall, hearing the renewed firing in the woods in his left front, and
foreseeing the danger to Colonel Simmons' command, hastily moved the
First Rifles, Major Stone, and the Second Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel
McCandless, forward to the edge of the woods beyond the open ground,
on his left of the road. These two regiments laid down and allowed
Simmons' command to retreat over them. As soon as their friends had
passed, Stone's and McCandless' men opened fire on the enemy and
repulsed him.

There being nothing on their right to oppose them, this part of
Branch's Brigade advanced down the country road till it met Hooker's.

right, but the left of Branch's Brigade fell back in confusion through
Picket's (Third) Brigade, which was now advancing over the same
ground which Kemper's, part of Jenkins' and Branch's Brigades had
akeady passed over. A portion of Picket's men moved on towards-
Hooker's right and Sumner's front, another part attacked the batteries
on the Union left of the road, and probably caused the German drivers
and cannoneers, with two of their guns, to move hastily to the rear,
and the four companies of the Twelfth Regiment supporting these
guns to retreat (the men of these companies accused the drivers
<f the German batteries of running them down), partly toward
the rear and partly toward the part of McCall's Division which
remained intact.

The woods on the Confederate side of the battlefield, in front of
McCall, was, at this time, filled with men from the Confederate brigades;,
which had already advanced, and infantry firing from this woods was-
severe. As Picket's advance was made along on either side of the road,.
Prior's Brigade of Longstreet's Division, advancing, as Prior Bays, one
regiment at a time, to the left (Confederate left) of the road, assaulted
the right of McCall's Division and Robinson's Brigade of Kearney's
Division. This was probably between 5 and 6 P. M., and thus, about this
hour, severe fighting: extended throughout Robinson's and McCall's front
and desultory fighting on right of Hooker's Division. Robinson's Brigade
not only repulsed all attacks on his front at this time, but some of his
men followed the enemy back to his side of the field and held a portion
of his woods until the next advance of the Confederates.

This first general attack by Longstreet's Division, assisted hy
Branch's Brigade of Hills Division, although persistent and courage-
ously conducted, not being made connectedly from right to left, was
successful only in carrying the German batteries and in breaking
McCall's extreme left and alarming Hooker, Burns and some other
officers in the rear.

Having thus, at 6 P. M., failed to carry either McCall's or
Kearney's main line, Longstreet starts his second and better ordered
advance. Wilcox's Brigade on the right, part of Prior's in the centre
and Featherstone's on the left. The whole line was posted to the (Con-
federate) left of the road at the beginning of the advance. "Wilcox's
report says : " He was ordered first to touch to right (Picket), then to
left (Prior), and finally to go straight aliead; was guided in the woods by
the artillery fire of the enemy; soon found the two regiments on right

and two on left of Long Bridge (New Market) road; crossed a boggy
stream on right of wood under artillery fire; woods very dense; came to
a field on the left of the read; the enemy's infantiy in the woods on the
left of this field. He opened a brisk and close fire upon the left regi-
ment of my line (Eighth Alabama); it halted and began firing.

In this fifld, about 300 yards to the front and 100 yards to the left
of the road was a house, and beyond the house about 200 yards more
was a six-gun battery of the enemy; the battery had an open field of
fire, the ground in front being perfectly level; the Eighth Alabama
being engaged with the enemy, the Eleventh Alabama, the regiment
next to it, continued to advance and, entering upon the open field, came
within full view of the six-gun battery on this side (the left) of the road.
This battery began at once a rapid discharge of grape and canister upon
this regiment; it did not halt an instant, but continued to advance
steadily and rapidly and without firing imtil it approached wdthin 200
yards of the battery, when it gave loud cheers and made a rush for the
guns ; halting for an instant in front of it, they fire upon the battery
and infantry immediately in rear of it, and then make a successful
charge upon and take the battery. The enemy's infantry are in the
woods in heavy force beyond, and 200 yards distant, and in the woods
skii'ting the field to the left of the battery, and not so far, and here in
like manner in strong force. The enemy have a direct and flank fire
upon this regiment now at the battery.

The two regiments on the right of the road continued steadily to
advance through the woods which extended along the road side to
within one hundred j'ards of the second six-gun battery, this battery
being nearly opposite to the one on the left of the road and some
two hundred yards from it. Halting for a few minutes in the woods
fronting this battery, to deliver their fire, these regiments. Ninth and
Tenth Alabama, charge upon and take this also, the enemy's infantry
supports being driven back. Both these batteries were now in our
possession. * « * The taking of the battery on the right of the road
was not attended by such a bloody strife as followed the assault and
capture of the one on the left, for here the enemy had not the heavy
pine forests so close in rear and on one flank in which he could retiie,
reform and renew the conflict with renewed numbers. On the contrary,
the pine was in our possession and our men, under cover of it, Avere
within one hundred yards of and in front of the battery, the field
extending far off to our right and the timber in rear of the batt^ ry

beiug more distant. Other brigades, too, (portions of Kemper's,
Branch's, Picket's and Jenkins') were on our right engaging the enemy,
3)ut none on our left and near the batteries. The battery on the left of
the road was the first taken. The Eleventh Alaliama had experienced
severe loss in crossing the open field while advancing agaiubt this
battery. Here the enemy, at first repulsed and driven from the battery,
retire to the woods both on our left and in the rear of the battery, and
with superior numbers, deliver a terrible and destructive fire upon this
regiment. * *, * The latter" (the Fourth and Seventh Reserves) "see-
ing this regiment isolated and unsupported, now advanced from their cover
against it. Our men do not flee from their prize, so nobly and so
bravely won, overwhelmed by superior numbei's, but, with a determin-
ation and a courage unsurpassed, they stubbornly hold their ground,
men and officers alike engaging in the most desperate personal conflicts
with the enemy ; the sword and bayonet are freely used. * * * No
reinforcements come, and they are at length forced to yield and retire
to the pine woods on the right of the road, and in rear some 150 to 200
yards, the enemy not pursuing. * * * The Eleventh Alabama
retu-ed, as above stated, to the right of the road in the jjine woods and
t ere, together with the Kinth and Tenth Alabama, remained." (The
Ninth and Tenth Alabama had also been compelled to relinquish posses-
sion of the battery. Cooper's, on the right of the road by the Ninth
Reserves.) " From this position the battery on the right of the road was
in full view and not more than 100 yards distant. The enemy made no
■effort to retake (re-ho]d) this battery, though their infantry continued
to fire at long range upon our men in the woods. The Eighth Alabama
joined Prior's and Featherstone's brigades. » * * It was now sunset,
* * * the brigade was withdrawn." Prior says : "Ordered in at 4
p. M., but the woods and other obstructions forced me to form columns
and to send in my regiments successively. * * * Arriving on the
field, discovered that the brigade (Wilcox's) on my right had been
repulsed, and that my brigade was exposed to a destructive fire on my
flank as well as in front. Stood their ground until reheved by Gregg's
Brigade. * * * In this engagement my loss was enormously
heavy." Featherstone says : " Brigade was held in reserve at first, but
about 5 P. M. ordered to attack on left of Long&treet, left of Prior ;
was afraid of my left ; advanced to the front lines to or near a fence
at the edge of the field ; here opened on the enemy, and the enemy
poured a well directed fire into our ranks and seemed not to be giving

way but inclined to advance ; ♦ * * feared a charge, was wounded,
but was being relieved by Gregg."

To resist this magnificent assault of the remainder of Longstreet's-
Division McCall had only his crippled division, which at this time had
already received its principal losses of the day.

The recapture of Cooper's and Randol's batteries after the terrible
losses the Reserve Division had received, was an instance of heroism not
often repeated during the war.

As at this time the Reserves had fired almost their last cartridges,
these batteries were retaken principally with the bayonet, the only
recorded instance of the kind during the war. McCall justly grows
more eloquent than Wilcox over the struggle for Randol's Battery. To
meet this assault on Robinson's front Kearney sends the One Himdred
and Fifth Pennsylvania to the front line, the First New York to sup-
port Thompson's Batteiy, Second Michigan to the front Une in the
Twentieth Indiana's breastworks, and the Third Michigan to Birney's
left. These reinforcements to Robinsons front line gave it such a vol-
ume of fire as to enable it to repulse Prior's and Featherstone's brigades.

General Kearney's report says : " There was now (7:30 P. M.) a luU
in the fighting, the enemy being (having) failed on the New Market
Road, he expected an attack on the Charles City Road, and went there;
was gone forty minutes."

An exciting state of affairs took place in Kearney's absence. Long-
street now (just at dusk) threw in the whole of A, P. HilFs Division,
with Field's Brigade on his right. The Fifty-Fifth and Sixtieth Virginias
of this brigade on (Confederate) right of the road, and Fortieth and
Forty-Seventh Virginia of this brigade on the left of the road. Pender's
Brigade followed Field's, Gregg's supporting Featherstone's on the Con-
federate left, Archer's Brigade going to the right, and Anderson's com-
ing on as a final reserve. Five of the strongest brigades of the best
troops, and the very ablest Confederate generals to lead them.

What has the Union front line to oppose to this torrent of valor ?

McCall's Division, disorganized by its terrible losses, all its batteries
disabled and short of ammunition, (Kern's withdrawn, its caissons
having by mistake gone on with Fifth Corps, it had none), but its line
still bravely held by a handful of infantry with scarcely a round of
ammunition to a man. But one says, Kearney's Division line is still
complete. If Kearney had been there it would have been, but the
instant he left to examine the right of his line Thompson, thinking

more of the safety of liis guns than of his diTision line of battle, hastily
withdraws his battery, so hastily as to leave one gun behind, and sad to-
say of a division chief of artillery, he sent no guns to take his place^
Almost fatal interval. Lieutenant Jastram hurries two gun& into
Thompson's position, but only in time to lose one of them. Kearney's
line can only be reinforced by the Thirty-Seventh New York and Fifth
Michigan.

However, there is a reserve to this front line which may well give
a homely but striking sobriquet to a noble old soldier. ' ' Bull " Sum-
ner is at the Cross Roads.

It will be remembered that the infantry of Sedgwick's Division of
Sumner's Corps had early in the day marched up to and beyond the
Cross Roads, stopping on the Quaker Road about half way from the
Cross Roads to Willis Church. About 2 p. m., upon call for assistance
from Frankhn, Sumner, always ready to help a fight, sent off Sully's
and Dana's brigades to Franklin at White Oak Swamp Crossing. The
understanding between Sumner and Heintzelman evidently was that
Heintzelman should post his corps across the the New Market and
Charles City Roads and Sumner would support him, wherefore Sumner
took no part in posting the troops to cover the roads toward Richmond.
Sumner was to hold the cross roads, and help either Franklin or Heint-
zelman, or both, as might become necessary. Thus, when the fight
opens in front of McCall, Sumner has only Burns' Brigade with him..
His batteries, except one, appear to have remained with Franklin till
sent for late in the day. Hooker, in looking to his right, having found
the long interval between himself and McCall, instead of moving to his.
right and connecting with McCall, extends his division way off to the
left, and permits his batteries to go off to James River. But he calls on
Sumner to weaken still more his meagre reserve by asking for the
Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, of Burns' Brigade, to be put on his right.
Sumner gives Hooker the Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania rather than have it
said he refused a reinforcement. Thus, it will be seen, Burns has only
the Seventy- First, Seventy-Second and One Hundred and Sixth Pennsyl-
vania and a battery to cover a large interval which neither he nor Sum-
ner understood.

As we have seen, the first assault of the Confederates carried Kem-
per's Brigade to the left of McCall, and unfortunately carried in front of
it six companies of Twelfth Reserves, part of Third Reserves, non-com-
batants, etc. Things thus early in the action did look uncomfortable on

the Quaker Road for a little while, and seme of the generals there lost
their heads, which they did not appear to recover during the entire
afternoon and evening. Sumner soon saw, as he says, " that this
crowd was composed only of a few soldiers and some stragglers." He
sends for Sully's and Dana's brigades and for Kirby's and his other
batteries, although Kemper's advance was easily checked by the Six-
teenth Massachusetts and Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania and a battery of
Sumner's Corps. When this last Confederate assault reached the Union
front line Dana's and Sully's brigades had arrived near the cross roads.
Field, commanding Hill's leading brigade, says : "It was late on the
evening of the 30th when I was notified to move upon the field of
battle. * * * About SOO yards in front were two of the enemy's bat-
teries posted in an open field on right and left of the road ; heard that
these batteries had been several times taken and retaken during the day, a
constant struggle being maintained for their possession. At this time
(sundown) they were held by the enemy, but the horses were killed or
wounded. He (the enemy) was unable to remove the guns. * * * The
whole line rushed forward under heavy fire, beat the enemy back from
the guns into the woods beyond and jjushed him on the right of the road
back a half mile. The two regiments on this side (right) of the road,
Fifty-Fifth and Sixtieth Virginias, were at, tiiistime in the enemy's rear,
having penetrated thi'ought the centre, but were withdrawn before he
could profit by the circumstance. * * * The charge was impetuously
made and was an instance wliere bayonets were really crossed." (No
regiments on Union side, except Pennsylvania Reserves, claim to have
crossed bayonets over guns.)

" Fortieth Virginia, on my extreme left, became detached, * * *
The Forty-Seventh Virginia manned the guns on the left of the road
and fired them. * * * Forty-Seventh Virginia captured General
McCall late in evening."

Colonel Mayo, Forty-Seventh Virginia, says : "Were called on with
brigade to advance on two batteries which had been taken by Long-
street's Division, but which had been rt-captured. * * * Tlie Forty-
Seventh Virginia, with the Second Virginia (Fortieth Virginia) battalion,
were ordered to advance upon the battery on the left of the road, which
they did, charging immediately in frc nt and exposed to a raking fire of
grape and canister for thrte-quai-ters of a mile ; '•' * * fired on and
charged and drove off the cannonf ers, followed about fifty yards beyona,
when were opened on upt.n both flanks, halted, one of the guns was

turned and fired to our left, where the firing was hottest. * * * xhe
fire from the front liaving nearly ceased, while that on the right and
left still continued, * * * formed command on the road." (Fell
back to the road.)

Colonel Mallory, Fifty-Fifth Virginia, says : " We were formed in.
line of battle on the right of the road. Sixtieth Virginia on my left.
We advanced through the woods until we came to the brow of the hill,
where was a battery recently taken from the enemy. The brigade
(Wilcox's) which had taken it had disappeared, and the enemy had
advanced to within a few yards of the battery. We halted, fired a few
volleys and charged, driving the enemy about one mile in the woods,
where we halted to reform ; finding enemy about to flank us we fell
back to the edge of the woods ; rested here till guns were carried off."
Colonel Starke, Sixtieth Virginia, says : " Regiment advanced at double
quick nearly two miles to the brow of a hill, where a battery of eight
guns, Randol's Pennsylvania battery" (guns on McCall's left) "was
posted, which had been taken from the enemy, and by them recaptured
before we reached the groimd. * * * Joined Fifty-Fifth Virginia in
charge. * * * After driving them for half a mile beyond this point
(the batteries) the brigade was ordered to halt, where we remained for
half an hour, it being then quite dark ; the enemy not again appearing,
the regiment returned to the battery."

Fenders' Brigade, following Field's, " reached the batteries aban-
doned on his left of the road," but late in evening met some of the Union
reinforcements, pushed forward late in evening by Sumner and Kear-
ney . Gregg's Brigade advanced to Confederate left. Colonel McGowan,
of Gregg's Brigade (there is no brigade report). Fourteenth South Caro-
lina, says : " Threw out skirmishers and advanced to the left and front ;
found General Featherstone wounded ; enemy's skirmishers all about ;
came upon a hasty breastwork of the enemy, drove back his skirmish-
ers, halted at edge of the clearing and kept up for a time volume of fire
on the enemy, who returned it ; just at dark both sides evidently thought
were firing at friends. An officer of Twentieth Indiana (Captain Read)
came into our line during this cessation of firing. * * * Soon af tei*
heard enemy give order commence firing. * * * Took twenty prison-
ers : H. Patrick, Company B, Twelfth Reserves ; F. Harvey Fortieth
New York ; others mostly of Twentieth Indiana."

McGowan's were the skirmishers Kearney " came upon," as he
says, " as he came back to his left."' There is no report of Archer's

-Brigade, but Pender says: " At this position (position of the batteries)
I left a few men to hold the flank (right flank), and puslied forward the
rest into the woods; but for failure of ammunition would have taken
;uany prisoners" (same trouble on Union side); "enemy in disorder,
but in considerable numbers. We here forced a battery, wliich had
opened on our right, to leave;" (could this have been De Eussy's battery ?);
" dark coming on, withdrew to edge of the woods, holding ground and
batteries tahen; got some of Field's Brigade to hold batteries in front
■whilst I held the right flank. Subsequently led forward one of Field's
regiments, so as to flank enemy on left of the road, where firing wa?
going on; after making these arrangements found Archer was on mj
right flank and right."

J. R. Anderson's Brigade, led in late in the evening on Robinson'*
front, " received a sudden volley and scattered."

It is impossible to give the exact positions of the various Unioij
regiments which were brought up to meet this last Confederate assault
to reinforce Kearney's Division and to close the interval on McCall',
left and left rear.

No Confederate commander states that he moved down the New
Market Road between Randol's and Cooper's batteries; each commander
"who reaches these batteries states distinctly that his comni.and went to
the right or left of this road at this point. There was no Confederate
advance to their left of this road more than a few yards east of Robin-
.son's original line. None reached the Charles City Road here.

It would appear that until Field's attack, late in the evening,
IdcCall's Division held the woods on McCall's left rear to the open field
on this left rear; that aU the Confederate troops who passed McCall's
left kept to the left (their right) of this opening; they were stopped at
this west edge of the opening by Sumner's batteries, and farther to the
Union left by the Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania and Sixteenth Massachu-
setts. But Field's attack drove back the feeble force McCall's Division
could offer at this time at this point, wliich enabled Field to follow
through the woods down nearly to the cross roads, getting literally in
rear of McCall. Some of Pender's men followed Field's in this direction.

To meet A. P. Hill's assault the Union line in rear of McCall was
posted or arranged about as foUows: Hooker's right on the country road,
.Sixteenth Massachusetts on road, to right of this road, in edge of woods,
Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania: then an interval of 200 to 300 yards, being
an open field with battery in rear; then a battery supported by tiie

Seventy-First Pennsylvania; then an interval of 200 to 300 yards, with
battery in rear; then the Seventy-Second Pennsylvania pushed forward
into the woods in rear of McCall's left, One Hundred and Sixth Pennsyl-
vania, in rear of Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, in reserve. Field here
probably struck Seventy-Second Pennsylvania, Colonel Baxter, first;
Seventy-First moved to Baxter's assistance, and One Hundred and
Sixth Pennsylvania, Colonel Morehead, started to aid Baxter, when
Dana's Brigade (Nineteenth and Twentieth Massachusetts, Seventh
lyiichigan and Forty-Second New York) arrived. Three of Dana j regi-
ments, Twentieth Massachusetts, Seventh Michigan and Forty-Second
New York, under Colonel Lee, were in advance; the Seventh Michigan
and Forty-Second New York were taken in flank as they arrived at
double quick, and were repulsed; the Seventy-First Pennsylvania and
Nineteenth Massachusetts were hurried into the interval just left.

Dana, is trying to fill the interval from Baxter's left to right of
;Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, Sully's Brigade follows immediately;
Fifteenth Massachusetts, Eighty-Second and Thirty-Fourth New York
^re brought up to support this line; Eighty -Second and Thirty-Fourth
New York well to the right; the First Minnesota is first halted to sup-
port a battery, but is afterwards brought up to the line in the woods.
Meagher's Brigade is advanced to Sumner's right, and to right rear of
line first formed; thus the whole of Dana's, Sully's and Meahger's
brigades is sent to reinforce Burns' Brigade. Caldwell's Brigade
Arrives soon after these brigades, and somewhat more to the right.
Barlow, of this brigade, appears to have sought the firing, and thus
found Robinson's front, where he arrived most opportunely to relieve
Hays. The remainder of Caldwell's Brigade appears to have halted at
the Cross Roads, where Kearney found it just after dark, and pushed it
into Robinson's right. Kearney's line had not been broken, but was
forced slightly back on its left by reason of the "Thompson" interval.
Kearney re-established it after dark, and when Taylor's Brigade of
Slocum's Division reported to Kearney, the latter pushed Taylor out to
Robinson's old front and to Randol's battery.

Sumner, after his line was firmly established, finding no more
pressure upon it, ordered it advanced, and moved it out to the left part
of McCall's front line. His line, on account of darkness, moved out in
■& confused manner. The Twentieth Massachusetts appears to have
passed over the German guns and met the Confederates on their side of
.McCall's battlefield ; here received a volley or two, when the regiment

returned to the Quaker Road, Field's Brigade soon afterwards reoccu-
pied the ground where these and Cooper's guns stood. The Sixteenth
Massachusetts and Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania advanced up the countiy
road to their front, to McCall's battlefield, met about the same reception
as the Twentieth Massachusetts, and then returned to their old position.
The official reports show that no Union troops were under fire more
than a few minutes, and that about sunset, except McCalFs Division,
two brigades of Kearney's Division, two regiments of Grover's Brigade
of Hooker's Division, and Sixtj-- Ninth Pennsylvania of Burns' Brigade.
About the heaviest loss in any of the reinforcing regiments was iB the
Twentieth Massachusetts, whose loss was partially due to the giving
away of part of the brigade to which it belonged.

Sumner and Kearney re-established the front line in part, and made
a strong line across the interval between McCall's and Hooker's posi-
tions. The responsibiUty for leaving this interval should rest upon
Heintzelman and Hooker, who knew of its existence, yet took no stepa
to fill it. Heintzelman appears to have directed in person the posting
of the froht line of defence. This battle, with the exception of the loss
of guns (artillery), was a great success for the Un'on arms, and many
Union officers claim that most of these guns could have been brought
off if General Heintzelman had not ordered them left, he fearing, he
said, to bring on a renewal of the contest. These guns lay between the
lines until the Union troops retired. The Confederate losses far exceeded
the Union, and two of the strongest and best Confederate divisions
were so used up as to be unavailable in the engagement of the next day,
•whereas Heintzelman's and Sumner's corps were intact in the next
battle.

The six companies of the Twelfth Regiment, which were preparing
a breastwork two to three hundred yards in front of the left of McCall's-
line of battle, were overrun and necessarily broken and carried back
by the rush of Kemper's Brigade and Jenkins' Brigade skirmishers.
The men of the Twelfth Regiment would have been overrun if they
had been prepared to meet such an attack, as the woods in front was
less than a hundred yards off, and so thick the advancing enemy could
not be seen until he came out of the woods. Moreover, the batteries in
their rear could be of no assistance in the position in which these com-
panies were. The officers and men of these six companies of the
Twelfth Regiment who remained to the last were able to fire not more
than two to three times, and were then killed, wounded or taken pris-

oners. When we consider that Wilcox, with no larger force, coming
from this woods, carried Cooper's battery on its front whilst it was sup-
ported by infantry, the Confederates having a longer distance to pass
over in the open field before reaching Cooper's battery than they had
to overrun the position of the detached companies of the Twelfth
Regiment, we can see there was no chance for this small force of the
Twelfth Regiment to hold their position. It was a case of retreat or
become prisoners. It was a mistake placing so small i force detached,
as this was, and to this error was due the misfortune of these com-
panies, for which they were blameless. The officers and men of these
six companies met no Union force to rally upon till they reached the
Quaker Road, more than half a mile in rear of their lat: position. Here
those who vvtre not wounded or completely exhausted rallied and joined
various commands. Twentieth Massachusetts and others. The remain-
ing four companies of the Twelfth Regiment continued lo support the
German batteries until Wilcox's charge, when these batteries, or what
remained of the personnel of them after Kemper's charge, retiring over
these four companies, officers and men of these companies joined the
organized commands to their right. Some of these continued on the
front until all the Union troops hereabouts retired.

A portion of the Twelfth charged with the Twentieth Jlassachu-
setts after dark. Other members of the regiment were in front as far
to the right as Kearney's Division, H. Patrick, Company B, being
taken pri-oner on his front line after dark, together with members of the
Twentieth Indiana.

A part of the Third Reserves, which were on picket on the left
front of McCaU's line, being driven in, as heretofore related, by charge
of Kemper's and Jenkins' brigades, was forced back on the position of
the Twelfth Regiment ; another part of Third Reserves was forced back
to the Union left rear, and, following the wooded country, came upon
Sickles' Brigade of Hooker's Division, where, being mistaken for, and
being somewhat mixed up with, the Confederate skirmishers, were fired
upon by Sickles' men, which fire they may by mistake have returned.
General Hooker's statement in his report that the Reserves fired upon
and killed men of Sickles' command was not founded upon facts, since
none of Sickles' Brigade were kiUed in this action. Sickles' report
states that " his losses in this action were nominal ;" in fact, two or
three men wounded. Abo Sickles' statement in his report that these
men tried to run through his line, and that he drove them back over to

the right of McCall's position, is not founded upon facts. There were too
few men of the Reserves on his front— certainly not a hundred— to run
down his brigade, several thousand strong. And to have driven these
unfortunate Union skirmishers over to McCall's position, three quartei-s
of a mile to his right front, over ground then and for hours afterwards
held by the Confederates, was impossible.

The unjxist statements made by Hooker, Sickles, Heintzelman (the lat-
ter always criticised severely troops not in his command) and other com-
manders, in regard to the conduct of the Reserves in this engagement,
were founded— 1st, upon misinformation ; 2d, the number and variety
of men and materials carried to the rear by Kemper's charge, all of
which was due to the interval left by Heintzelman and Hooker on
Hooker's right ; 3d, on account of the misbehavior of some supporting
troops (the report of a colonel of Massachusetts troops states that
Sickles' line gave way and his regiment was sent to close the interval left ;
it is difficult to see what made Sickles' line yield, as nothing but enemy's
skirmishers were in his front) ; 4th, by reports of officers and men of
the Reserves who had retreated before Kemper's or Wilcox's charges,
and who did not rejoin their divisions or other troops, as they ought to
have done, at the front. Lieutentant Randol, of the artillery, was
more excusable than any other person for making unjust remarks, for
he fought his guns magnificently and assisted in their recapture, but
what artilleryman would admit that his guns could be taken in front
across an open field, three to five hundred yards wide ?

The writer believes a full record of what occurred (which he has
endeavored to give) on this hard fought battlefield is the best defence of
the Reserve Division.

Longstreet, the best fighting Confederate corps commander, says :
"After prehminary artillery firing he began the fight at 4 P. M.," and it
continued uninterrupted until after dark on a clear midsummer's day.
He says : " This was one of the hardest contested fights of the war."

General McCall (who displayed good skill and the greatest courage
and determination), commanding officer of the division, after losing all
his staff aud many orderlies, killed and wounded, wliile at the head of
a remnant of his division, and while seeking a position in front of his
original battlefield to post this remnant, after dark, being accompanied
by only two orderlies, was captured by the Forty-Seventh Virginia, of
Field's Brigade. This remnant of more than five hundred men in com-
mand of Maior Stone and other officers of the Reserves, remained on

their old line of battle on the right of the New Market Road immedi-
ately behind the abandoned guns, so often taken and retaken during
this bloody day, begging to be allowed to haul off by hand these dis-
abled gims (there were no horses and many of the carriages were dis-
abled), until the order for retreat at midnight was received. The Con-
federates admit they had 18,000 men engaged.

McCall had not to exceed 5,600, and Kearney (Robinson and Berry's
brigades) about 4,500; 10,100 on Union front line. The Reserves cap-
tured three Confederate flags, and carried to the rear several hundred
prisoners. The Confederate losses are unknown, but according to the
statements of the Confederate generals, Longstreet, A. P. Hill, Kemper,
Wilcox, Field, Prior and Featherstone, they were very severe.

The losses in McCairs and Kearney's divisions were also very severe.

Tlie losses in Hooker's Division were in a few regiments only. This
divisions loss not equal to the loss of one regiment of the Reserves.

The losses of Sedgwick's Division of Sumner's Corps— only division
of corps engaged-not very serious, except in Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania,
All occurred in a few minutes just at or after dark.

During the afternoon of the 30th, whilst the contest raged on the
New Market Road, the Confederates advanced a force down the river
road, and opened with some field guns upon the Union Reserve artil-
ery posted on the west side of Malvern Hill. The Reserve artillery
soon crushed the Confederate light battery, and their advance on the
liver road was checked. Later in the war, McCall and Kearney would
have entrenched their whole front.

CHAPTER VIII.

BATTLE OF MALVERN HILL, JULY 1, 1863, AND HARRISON'S
LANDING, JULY 2 TO AUGUST 11, 1862.

"The position selected for resisting the farther advance of the
enemy, on the 1st of July, was with the left and centre cf our lines rest-
ing on ]\[alvern Hill, while the right curved backwards through a
wooded country toward a point below Haxall's, on James River. Mal-
vern Hill is an elevated plateau about a mile and a half by three-quar-
ters of a mile in area, well cleared of timber, and with several converg-
ing roads running over it. In front are numerous defensible ravines,
and the ground slopes gradually toward the north and east to the wood-
land, giving clear range for artillery in those directions. Toward the
northwest the plateau falls off more abruptly into a ravine which extends
to James River. Froin the position of the enemy, his most obvious lines
of attack would come from the direction of Richmond and White Oak
Swamp, and would almost of necessity strike us upon the left wing.
Here, therefore, the lines were strengthened by massing the troops and
collecting the principal part of the artillery. Porter's Corps held the left
of the line (Sykes' Division on the left, Morrell's on the right), with the
artillery of his two divisions advantageously posted, and the Reserve
artilleiy so disposed on the high ground that a concentrated fire of some
60 gims could be brought to bear upon any jwint in his front or left.

Colonel Tyler also had, with great exertion, succeeded in getting ten
of his siege guns in position on the highest point of the hill. Couch's
Division was placed on the right of Porter ; next came Kearney and
Hooker, next Sedgwick's and Richardson's, next Smith's and Slocum's,
then the remainder of Keyes' Coii:)s, extending back nearly to the river.
The Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was held ia reserve, and stationed
behind Porter's and Couch's position. One brigade of Porter's was
thrown to the left on the low ground, to protect the flank from any
movement direct from the Richmond Road, The line was very strong
along the whole front of the open plateau, but from thence to the
extreme right the troops were more deployed. * « - The right was

rendei-ed as secure as possible by slashing the timber and by barricading
the roads. Commodore Rogers, conamaudiug the flotilla on the James
River, placed his gunboats so as to protect our flanks, and to command
the approaches from Richmond.

Between 9 and 10 A. M., the enemy commenced feeling along
our whole left wing with his artillery and skirmishers as far to the right
as Hooker's Division. About two o'clock a column of the enemy was
observed moving toward our right within the skirt of the woods in front
of Heintzelman's Corps, but beyond the range of our artillery. AiTange-
nients were at once made to meet the anticij^ated attack in that quarter,
but, though the column was long, occupying more than two hours in
passing, it disappeared and was not again heard of. * * * About
3 P. M. a heavy fire of artillery opened on Kearney's left and
Couch's Division, speedily followed up by a brisk attack of infantry on
Couch's front. The artillery Avas replied to with good efl'ect by our own,
and the infantry of Couch's Division remained lying on the groimd
until the advancing column was within short musketry range, when
they sprang to their feet and poured in a deadly volley, which entirely
broke the attacking force and drove them in disorder back on their own
ground. This advantage was followed up until we had advanced the right
of our line some 700 or 800 yards, and rested upon a thick clump of trees,
giving us a strong position and a better fire. Shortly after 4 P. M. the firing
ceased along the whole front, but no dipositlon was evinced on the part
of the enemy to withdraw from the field. Caldwell's Brigade, having
been detached from Richardson's Division, was stationed upon Couch's
right by General Porter, to whom he had been ordered to report. Tlie whole
line was surveyed by the generals" (except the General-in-chief), "and
evertliing held in readiness to meet the coming attack. At 6 P. M, the
enemy suddenly opened upon Couch and Porter with the whole strength
of his artillery, and at once began pushing forward his columns of attack
to carry the hill. Brigade after brigade formed under cover of the woods,
started at a run to cross the open space and charge our batteries, but
the heavy fii-e of our guns, with the cool and steady volleys of our
infantry in every case sent them reeling back to shelter, and covered
the ground with their dead and wounded. * * * About 7 P. M,, as
fresh, troops were accumulating in front of Porter and Couch, IMeagher's
and Sickles' Brigades, as soon as it was considered prudent to withdraw
any of Sumnei"'s and Heintzelman's troops, were sent to reinforce that
part of the line and hold the position. These brigades relieved such

regiments of Porters's Corps and Couch's Division as had exjjeuded their^
atntnunition, and batteries from the Reserve vpere pushed for"-ard to
replace those whose boxes were empty. Until dark the enemy per-
sisted in his efforts to take the position so tenaciously defended ; but
despite his vastly superior numbers, his repeated and desperate attacks
were repulsed with fearful loss, and darkness ended the battle at Mal-
vern Hill, though it was not till after 9 p. M. that the artillery ceased
its fire. During the whole battle Commodore Rogers added greatly to
the discomfiture of the enemy by throwing shells among his reserves
and advancing columns."

After the battle of Malvern Hill, in which the Confederate army
had been severely punished, and whose attacks had been completely
repulsed, the fighting generals of the Armj^ of the Potomac were luiani-
mous for remaining where they were, or for making an advance towards
Richmond. The ground at Malvern Hill was high and dry, and could
be easily intrenched so as to be perfectly safe for even a smaller force
than the Army of the Potomac to hold. A strong detachment could be
made to protect the water communications. It was supposed strong
reinforcements would now be sent to the Army of the Potomac. General
McClellan, who did not remain long enough with the fighting part of his
army to feel as that jjart felt, but who saw so much of his rear, which
was, of course, in a demoralized condition, believing he could not hold
his communications on the James without the aid of the navy, and the
commander of the naval force being unable to promise to do so unaided.

McClellan ordered a retreat to Harrison's Landing, below City Point,
that being the supposed dangerous point in his rear.

" The Reserve regiments broke camp at ]\Ialvern Hill just before
midnight on the 1st of July, and took up the march towards Harrison's
Landing. Though the night was dark, the road was well lighted up by
numerous fires that were kept continually burning by the guards
stationed by the wayside. At daybreak a short halt was ordered, tlie
ti'oops rested and refreshed themselves from their scanty supplies, and
then, resuming their march, moved on through the woods until they
crossed Herring Run, and debouched on the open plain at Harrison's
Landing. Several of the regiments were ordered to encamp in a beauti-
fiU field of oats, nearly ripe for the reaper ; the heavy rain and the con-
tinual tramp of the troops soon transformed the silvery freshness of
the \vaving grain into a plain of mud. The whole division Avas, during^
the afternoon of the second, ordered to encamp in a dense pine thicket.

The men cut boughs and constructed huts and shelters to protect them-
selves from the storm." So writes Woodward.

The position occupied by the Army of the Potomac at Harrison's
Landing consisted of a strip of land on the northern baxik of the James
River, about five miles long by three deep, with heights along the north-
west portion, with flats extending from these heights to the river, and a
swamp on the northeast side extending to the river.

On the 8th of July Colonel J. H. Taggart resigned, and Lieutant-
Colonel M. D. Hardin, in view of his promotion to the Colonelcy (the
"War Department had refused to allow him to join the regiment as Lieu-
tenant-Colonel), was ordered by General McCIellan to assume command of
the Twelfth Regiment. The division changed carap a day or two subse-
quently and went into the permanent camp, wliich it occupied during its
sojourn at Harrison's Landing. This camp bordered the swamp on the
northeast part of the ground occupied by the whole army, and was about
a mile in a direct line from the river. Orders were issued for putting the
camp into perfect sanitary condition. Good sinks, perfectly screened,
were constructed. Deep wells were simk by placing barrels on top of
each other ; a depth of at least three barrels was required. Drills were
resumed, and efforts made to get the men to move about and rouse
their spirits. All men of the regiment who had been found by the late
campaign to be unfit for miUtary duty by reason of physical disability
were discharged. The serious cases of sickness were sent North, and
everything possible done to get an effective force.

''Various kinds of sickness (fevers, diarrhoea, scurvy, etc.) attacked
the members of the regiments by reason of their late extreme exertions,
bad food, lack of food, lack of preparation of food, overwork in march-
ing, lack of proper sleep, all in addition to the natural excitement of
continual battle." For the first two weeks after settling in this camp
things looked very blue, but as soon as fresh vegetables arrived (about end
of July) and the men were strong enough to walk about in comfort, and
to drill, the majority of the members of the regiment plucked up their
spirits and began to look hopefully to the future. In the third week
the camp regimental hospital was free of sick, all were improving, but
there still hung to most a tendency to diarrhoea. About this time a
most welcome order was received to picket the south side of the James.
Never did a command seek picket duty as did ours at this time, that on
south side of the James. The green corn found there was devoured by
the dozen ears to the man. The doctors said this would kill us, but on

the contrary this cured the diarrhoea, set us up and gave us great spirits.
Ever since then we have known how the ''Johmes" managed to figlit
so well. Corn and bacon are far superior to "hardtack" and coflfee,
even with " salt horse " thrown in, for soldier food.

Many times we thanked, in spirit, the Confederate batteries which
shelled us on the night of July 31st, 1863. Soon after the arrival of the
regiment at Harrison's Landing, an order was issued by General Sey-
mour, comi::anding the division, for each regiment to be armed through-
out with on 3 kind of weapon. This ord^r hit the Twelfth Regiment
very hard, as the companies were not uniformly armed, and "K" com-
pany had Wie'w own arms, rifles issued by the State, or owned by the
men. Tbe first order vi-as that the Twelfth should be armed with
smooth bore muskets. This naturally caused the members of "K" com-
pany to rebel. In their ignorance of the force of military law in the
presence of the enemy, they got themselves into a very bad scrape. The
regiment was finally armed with the Springfield rifle musket, but "K"
company was broken up, its officers discharged, and the men distributed
to the other companies. Captain Baker of Company "I" died August,
8, 1862, and was buried with military honors. General Reynolds, and
the ofiicers and men who had been captured during the late campaign,
renu-ued to the command about August 8th, and General Reynolds
assumed command of the division. General McCall was not well enough
to undertake a new campaign.

The authorities having decided to withdraw the Army of the Poto-
mac to the front of Washington, McClellan was, July 30th, directed to
send back his sick, and on August 3d ordered to withdraw the army.
Sypher says : ' ' The majority of the officers expressed themselves in
favor of a withdrawal." This decision on the part of most of them was
due to the fact that it was said the Army of the Potomac could not be
adequately reinforced where it was. How many brave men laid down
their lives, and how many of us will go crippled to our graves by reason
of this decision. At what a fearful cost of noble life was it that we got
back here in 1864 on the James River, from which it was so ea^y to
move us.

In the discussion between Halleck and McClellan, as to whether
McCleUan moved his troops and sick as quickly as he could, the record
appears to sustain McClellan, there being delays in fitting up hospitals
at Fort Monroe and other places ; Burnside's command using vessels
which belonged to the Hospital Department of the Army of the Potomac,

and a general interference by the authorities at Wasliington with the
■water transportation of the Army of the Potomac, which caused
•delays. General Lee's main army remained near Richmond tUl the
13th of August, when, he says, he was definitely informed that the
Army of the Potomac was to leave the Peninsula, which shows that
Oeneral Lee thought he could not move the main body of liis army
away from Richmond so long as there was a strong Union force on the
James.

The Twelfth, Regiment was embarked at Harrison's Landing August
11, 1863, and arrived at Acquia Creek August 13, and with tho divi-
sion moved by rail and went into camp near Falmouth, Virginia.

Our baggage, knapsacks, etc., went on to Washington. We haven't
got them yet. For the coming campaign we were to be in light
inarching order, sure enough.

CHAPTER IX.
GENERAL POPE'S CAMPAIGN.

On the night of August 21, 1862, at 10 o'clock, the Reserve division
moved out of camp at Falmouth, Va., leaving tents standing. The
knapsacks of the men and baggage of the officers were quietly reposing^
Id or near "Washington, D. C, where, it is said, they were subsequently
given away to contrabands and others as old rubbish.

It was dark as Erebias; our brigade (the Third), commanded bj
General Jackson, got lost, wandered about till daylight; when, finding^
itself still in sight of camp, it then moved on the proper road and
advanced six or eight miles, when it stopped for the exhausted men tO'
make coffee. The night had been hot and sultry; the morning began
hotter still, with a brilliant simlight. Within an hoiu- after halting, the
brigade resumed the march along a turnpike in the direction of Kelly's
Ford. The march was continued with infrequent and very short halts
till dark, when an enforced bivouac was made in a fine open wood. The
men had by reason of the heat and rapid march and previous night's
march, fallen out along the road till the brigade was less than a regi-
ment, and the regiments only companies. The white, glistening turnpike,
with very little water, had been a most trying route. General Reynolds
had the whole night's , start on our brigade; he succeeded with the head
of the column in reacliing the vicinity of Kelly's Ford that night (22d).
That night and day's march was one of the hardest we ever made. Only *
the next day and night's march can be compared with it. As each
person struggled into the place of the bivouac he fell down utterly
exhausted. No one attempted to make coffee; eveiyone decided to rest
first and make coffee afterwards. The men's misfortunes were not yet
full ; for, just as they began to get strength to move about, a Virginia
Summer thunder storm broke upon them; it 'was found our beautiful
woods was a swale, which in rain storms received all the water in the
vicinity.

The writer endeavored to rest upon the upper side of a log; he
quickly recalled the saying, "easier than rolling off a log;" he was
finally content with the angle of a worm fence.

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At daylight the next morning (23d) the Tfard Brigade moved on.,
towards United States Ford, and afterwards changing direction, reached
the church near Kelly's Ford about 10 a. m., to find that General Rey-
nolds with the head of the division had already gone on up the Rappa-
hannock. The Lnen were allowed a rest of half an horn-, when the Third
Brigade started for Rappahannock Station, Soon after starting the
ambulances, wagons and sick were sent off on a road leading to the
right, which, it was said, led to Bristoe's Station, on the Orange and
Alexandria Railroad, At the time we were not certain where this road
led, and the question arose as to what instructions to leave here for the
stragglers -who had fallen out the day before, whether they were to
folloM^ the road to Rappahannock Station, or to go off indefinitely to the
right. As many of these stragglers were our best men (simply overcome
by the heat in the previous day's march), we did not like to lose them„
However, the greater part of them went over towards Bristoe Station,
and our division got a bad name for straggling on account of these men,
many of whom were not stragglers in the usual sense of that term.
Very few of these men succeeded in finding their commands during the
ensuing campaign. The Third Brigade overhauled the head of the
division before reaching Rappahannock Station, where we arrived in
the afternoon. It was expected our division would find McDowell's
Corps here, but instead, it found the Confederate cavalry, followed by
the Confederate infantry skirmishers, taking possession of McDowell's
earthworks near Rappahannock Station. Skirmishers were thrown out
from the head of the division, at sight of whom and the Army of the
Potomac flags, borne by the division, the Confederate cavalry and
skirmishers evacuated the station, and our division took possession.
General Leo now knew a portion of the Army of the Potomac had
joined Pope's army, and he decided at once to move to his left, to pro-
tect his rear from an advance by the Army of the Potomac, and to strike
Pope's right before all of the Army of the Potomac could join Pope's
army.

General Pope designed crossing the Rappahannock (22d and 24th),
near the station, to strike Lee's communications.

General Lee saw this design, but instead of preparing to meet such
a movement by concentration here, he decided to move on Pope's com-
munications. This was a good and safe movement on Lee's part, and
not subject to the criticism which it has usually received. It succeeded.
Moreover, if he had been defeated in battle, Lee could have fallen back.

on the Shenandoah Valley, Soon afttr the Reserve division arrived at
Eappahannock Station, an order was received for it to join McDowell's
Corps, then moving toward 'Warrenton. After a few minutes rest the
division moved along th3 river road back of Barnett's Ford to the soimd
of artillery. Darkness and rain soon came, also a few of the enemy's
shells. That was a night march we will never forget.

There was Confederate cavalry all around us ; no one dared to strag-
gle ; we had neither ambulances nor wagons ; it was necessary to keep
■up or go to Richmond. Human endurance was put to a severe test that
night. The march only terminated with dayUght, when we came upon
one of McDowell's divisions in camp. We were ragged, shoeless, foot-
sore, tired to death, with nothing but our guns and our battle-stained
Hags to show we were soldiere. McDowell's men were fully equipped,
completely uniformed, knapsacks and all, '* spick and span " new. They
looked to us like a militia command out for parade. "We were welcomed
T\-ith shouts of pleasure, and our cry of " Grab a root " was taken up and
we were soon enjoying a hearty breakfast. The division joined Pope's
army in a critical mood. There was no battle, no enemy visible but a
few stray cavalrymen. Why march men as we had been marched?
We had lost by exhaustion nearly one-third of our command, and that
for nothing. Our division started from Falmouth nearly 4,000 strong ;
we reported with little over 2,500. The distance by the route we marched
T\-as about fifty miles, passed over in the hottest of weather, with thun-
der-storms at night. We naturally asked. If there were such urgent neces-
sity for reinforcements to Pope's army, why did our division remain so
long at Falmouth under Bumside?

General Pope wrote Kalleck at 9.15 p. 3:., June 22d. '"I must do
one of two things : either faU back and meet Heintzelman behind Cedar
Run (which is near Catlett's Station), or cross the Rappahannock with
my whole force and assail the enemy's flank and rear. T must do one
or the other at daylight ; which shall it be? I incline to the latter,"' and
General Halleck, replying at 11 P. :ii., says : "that he tliinks the latter
of the two propositions the best.'' Pope and Halleck would thus have
done, in the face of Lee's victorious army, what the greatest complaint
of McClellan rested upon, namely : have left the route to Washington
open to Lee's advance.

It never seems to have occurred to either Union general, that in the
position that Lee then was, he could rest his army on the Shenandoah
Valley, and let General Pope's army ro toward Richmond. The farther

the Union army went toward Richmond the more its right would be
exposed. The generals who had fought Lee on the Peniusula thought
that the only safe thing for the Union forces to do, at this time, was ta
get to Centerville with as little loss as possible acd there concentrate the
armies. Fortunately for General Pope, he was unable to attempt such
a wild project. Sigel's slowness, as well as the rising river, were Gen-
eral Pope's salvation.

"Between 9.15 at night and the next morning, upon reports received
from General Sigel, General Pope changed his mind, and, while his
army was in the act of moving to cross the river at Rappahannock
Station, he ordered it to concentrate to the support of General Sigel, who
was ordered to Sulphur Springs or to Waterloo." McDowell was mov-
ing in accordance with these last orders when the Reserves joined him
(on 24th). General Pope also on the 23d (the day the Reserves were to
join McDowell at Rappahannock Station) " abandoned his works beyond
the river at Rappahannock Station, and withdrew the troops ; he
destroyed the bridge there ; and for the time being, at any rate, he
renounced his plan of recrossing the river — though not definitely."

General Pope's army, when the Reserves joined it, or during the
24th, was stationed as near as can be stated as follows :

General Pope's headquarters at Warrenton ; Sigel's Corps, with
Buford's cavalry in the front, at Sulphur Springs and Waterloo ; Bank's
Corps near the river on Sigel's left ; Reno's two divisions (of Ninth
Corps) between Sulphur Springs and Warrenton, near Sulphur Springs ;
Ricketts' Division of McDowell's Corps between Waterloo and Warren-
ton ; King's Division of McDowell's Corps between Warrenton and
Sulphur Springs, east of Reno. The Reserve Division about one mile
southeast of Warrenton ; Bayard's cavalry on the right front. Lee's
army was immediately opposite on south bank of Rappahannock. Long-
street on (Lee's) right, Jackson on left. Jackson's attempt to cross
the river on 22d and 23d had been stopped by high water, and the
opposition of Buford's cavalry supported by Sigel's Corps.

The 25th and 26th, the Reserve Division remained near Warrenton,.
moving over on the 26th to the Warrenton Pike, between Warrenton
and Sulphur Springs. Here got some rest and plenty of roasting ears,
resuming the diet the command enjoyed £o much on the south side of
the James. On the 26th a large empty train of wagons was sent to our
division, ostensibly to transport our baggage. As we had no baggage
this train was parked on the Warrenton and Sulphur Springs Road

facing the Rappahannock River. Tradition says, " It remains there still
waiting for our baggage.''

On the morning of the 25th General Jackson began liis famous
toarch around the right of the Union army. This mo\ ement was indi-
cated by a dust line, which was visible all this and a part of the fol-
lowing day to all the Union troops located along the ^Varrenton Pike.
The writer sought his friend, General Bayard, to learn where the enemy
■was going. He could not find General Bayard, but conversed with
many officers, all of whom thought we ought to be doing something
to meet the enemy's movement, instead of lying idle in camp. When
the order was received, the niglit of the 26th, to move to the rear, there
was great relief to our anxiety. But we soon learned that the enemy
had cut our communications at Manassas. How strong the enemy were
in our rear was unknown, since Stuart's cavalry had been in our reai-
for several days. Our fears that Stuart's cavalry might have gathered
in a number of our division stragglers (many of whom, as before said,
were good men) were not allayed by the news brought to the division at
this time by the Second Regiment. It had marched from Bristoe in
pursuit of our division, which, after many fatigues and great risks, it
had reached at "Warrenton. Lieutenant-Colonel McCandless, of the
Second, was entitled to much credit for bringing up the Second Regi-
ment through an unknown country to an unknown position. General
Pope, in carrying out practically his orders to " discard lines of retreat
and bases of supply," and "letting these take care of themselves," at
this time, lost the confidence, not only of his general officers, but of the
rank and file as well, for the latter, as weU as their commanders, saw
this turning movement of the enemy, and saw nothing aud heard of
nothing being done to meet it.

" General Pope on the morning of tlie 25th issued a general order
for the formation of a new line of battle, running north and south.
McDowell's Corps to be on the right, at Warrenton; Sigel on his left at
Fayetteville; Banks from Bealton Station to a creek near the river;
Reno at Kelly's Ford, with orders to watch the river. Reno accident-
ally went to Warrenton Junction, Banks went to Bealton. Sigel was
ordered by General Roberts of General Pope's staff (of his own motion),
to hold Waterloo Bridge at all hazards, informing Sigel that he would
be supported by Banks and McDowell. Sigel sent back to find Banks
and McDowell ; neither were where General Roberts said they were,
whereiipon Sigel was about to fall back in accordance with his prior

order to go to Fayetteville, when he received orders from General Pope
to march to Warrenton. He burnt Waterloo Bridge and reached
Warrenton at 2 A. M. August 36th."

On the night of the 25th, General Heintzelman's Corps was at AVar-
xenton Junction and had reported to General Pope (who had moved his
headquarters to that point). Of the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac,
Morrell's Division was at Kelly's Ford, Sykes' Division at Bealton
Station. General Porter, commanding Fifth Corps, reported to General
Pope on 26th. Early on 26th, McDowell's Corps was ordered to Sulphur
.Springs ; King's Division went there and shelled the enemy, which was
Anderson's Division, the rear guard of Lee's army. Buford was ordered
-on 26th to move at dawn on 27th with all of his and Sigel's cavalry
toward Chester Gap. General Pope appears to have taken it for granted
Jackson's mgvement, which was visible all day of 25th and part of 26th,
was toward the Shenandoah Valley, and he, in consequence, made no
■effort till this order to Buford (which was entirely too late) to ascertain
where Jackson was going, unless we consider the sending of a regiment
of cavalry from Manassas on 26th toward Manassas Gap as such an
^effort. General Pope did not believe General Lee would dare attempt
to cut his (Pope's) communications. He has since said he expected
Halleck and the reinforcements coming from Washington would pro-
tect his rear.

This movement of Jackson's was not as risky as it has generally
been considered ; he could always fall back toward the Shenandoah
Valley. Moreover, he had a preponderance of cavalry, which enabled
him to screen himself and to keep watch of the movements of the Union
army.

At the close of this day (26th) Buford with his cavalry was near
Waterloo ; Rickett's Division on the road between Waterloo and War-
renton, about four miles from Waterloo ; King's Division on road
between Warrenton and Sulphur Springs, one brigade at the Springs ;
Reynolds' (Reserves) Division at Warrenton; Sigel's Corps near War-
renton ; Banks at Fayetteville ; Reno and Heintzelman near Warrenton
Junction, where were General Pope's headquarters ; Morrell's Division
at Kelly's Ford ; Sykes' Division five to six miles east of Bealton Station.
This same evening Jackson was at Bristoe Station with Taliaferro's, A.
P. Hill's, and E well's divisions, about 25,000 strong. "He (Jackson) had
marched all day from Salem, through White Plains, Tlioroughfare Gap
.and Gainesville, and liad nowhere met with tlie smallest opposition,'*

yet his movement by its dust line had been visible from the region of
Warrenton nearly two days. Comment is unnecessary.

" On the evening of the 26th General Pope determined to form a
new line of battle, running east and west, between Warrenton and
Gainesville. General Pope wrote McDowell at 8 P. M., August 2Cth,
that he thinks the fight will be at "Warrenton. Reno was ordered to
move from Warrenton Junction at daylight (of 27th) to the neighbor-
hood of Warrenton, and McDowell was then to send Reno to Greenwich;
(Greenwich is nearer to Warrenton Junction than it is to Warrenton).
Arrived at Greenwich, Reno was to throw forward four regiments and
a battery to Gainesville. Heintzelman, who was at Warrenton Junction,
was ordered to send Kearney's Division to Greenwich, to retain Hooker's
Division. Porter was ordered to march through Fayetteville to vicinity
of Warrenton." Soon after issuing these last orders, General Pope-
learned that his railroad communication was cut. He ordered General
Heintzelman " to put a regiment on a train of cars and send it dowa
immediately to Manassas to ascertain what had occurred, repair the
telegraph wires and protect the railroad there until further orders.'*
But at midnight he wrote General McDowell that the question " whether
the whole force of the enemy or the larger portion of it has gone round
(through' Thoroughfare Gap) is a question that we must settle instantly."

Early on the 37th General Pope issued the following order : " The
following movements of troops will be made, viz : General McDowell
with his own and Sigel's Corps and the division of Brigadier- General
Reynolds will pursue the turnpike from Warrenton to Gainesville, so as
to reach Gainesville, if possible, to-night. The army corps of Heintzel-
man, with the detachment of the Ninth Corps imder General Reno (Gen-
eral Reno leading) will take the road from Catletts station to Greenwich,
so as to reach there to-night, or early in the morning. Major-General
Reno wUl immediately communicate with General McDowell and his-
command, as well as that of General Heintzelman, will support General
McDowell in any operations against the enemy. General Porter will
remain at Warrenton Junction till he is relieved by General Banks, when
he will immediately push forward with his corps in the direction of
Greenwich and Gainesville, to assist the operations on the right wing.
Major-General Banks, as soon as he arrives at Warrenton Junction, will
assume the charge of the trains and cover their movements toward
Manassas Junction. * * * The general headquarters will be with
"the corps of General Heintzelman until further notice." Reserve Divis-

ion moved on morning of the 27th toward Wa.shington on the Warren-
ton Pike and went into camp tliat evening a little wtst of Biickland'»
Mills, together with McDowell's Corps and part of Sigel's. During the
day we heard of Jackson's raid upon the Orange and Alexandria Rail-
road at Bri&toe Station, and we received our first order to " bag Jack-
son." When first received we thought we had some chance to do this,
and were in consequence highly elated and marched cheerfully to the
rear, a direction our judgment told us was the proper one, wherever
Jackson might be. We hoped to cut in two Lee's long line, which we
knew extended from the upper Rappahannock to Bristoe via Thorough-
fare Gap. The Reserve Division broke camp early on 28th and marched
to the Warrenton Pike, where we were halted to wait for a wagon train
to pass (we were told it was Sigel's). McDowell afterwards said it was
Reynolds'. A4 our division had no wagons, unless the emi)ty train here-
tofore spoken of could be classed as belonging to our division, McDowell
was in error. That empty train, although attempted to be put on us,
was not properly ours, nor did we see it again after it was parked in
front of Warrenton.

This delay was our first dif-appointment of tliis unlucky day. We
could not see why our division could not pass the wagons, as the road
was bordered by open country. After at least two hours' delay, our
division moved north on the Warrenton Pike. It had followed Sigel's
Corps. Sigel's troops now, about 10 a. m., disapj)eared. They had turned
off on a road leading to the right along the Manassas Gap Railroad.
The head of our division had just crossed a small stream (General
McDowell with his stafifwas riding ahead), when a Confederate battery
opened on our column from our left front. Our column stopped and
Ransom's battery was hurried forward, whose guns (twelve pounds) not
being able to reach the enemy. Cooper's battery of rifle pieces was sent
up. The enemy's artillery fire at the first discharge killed and wounded
some men in the Eighth Reserves. General McDowell and staff rode
hastily off to the right to some high ground. We saw this hasty retreat
of tlie corps headquarters, and would have thought no more about it
except as a joke on McDowell and staff to have to " skedaddle " in
presence of a division newly attached to the corps ; but it happened that
our division did not see or hear from McDowell that day, nor so far as
the writer is concerned till the morning of August 30th. After our bat-
tery had fired a few rounds, skirmishers were sent out to the right
front, south of the pike, not in the direction of the enemy who had fired

on us. This caused remarks at the time. An oflBcer or two rode off in
the direction of the firing, the onlj- effort that was made to find out
what the enemy was.

After an hour or more our division was formed in line of battle on
the right of the pike, and advanced diagonally to the right front, about
parallel with the direction of the Manassas Gap Railroad (but the writer
does not recollect any such railroad, wasn't it torn up and rails and
ties all gone at this time ?). The division continued this advance in line
over a very rough coimtry, through woods, over old fields, across c'ry
runs, etc, for at least two hours ; it seemed a week. The day was hot,
and no water to drink. After the entire command was about used up,
the division was halted, and waited for orders. General Reynolds
w^ent off to find McDowell or Pope for orders. He couldn't find McDow-
ell ; he went to Manassas Junction, where he met General Pope, who
ordered him to move his division towards CenterviUe.

The division was started in that direction, but had not advanced far
when, by General Pope's orders, it was moved towards Gainesville, the
opposite direction from which it had moved in line of battle. There was
no enemy, nor any Union troops in sight or hearing, at any time after
the division left the Warrenton Pike in the morning. Towards night
firing could be heard toward our front, in the direction of Gainesville.
General Reynolds went off again to get orders, or at least to find some
neighboring troops. When night overtook the division it was com-
pletely isolated and practically lost. The division now, at dark, was
bivouacked in an old field ; no water could be found. Pickets were
thrown out in all directions. Never before or afterwards did the division
get into such a predicament. It is feared this state of affairs did not
cause the division to acqvure any additional confidence in either General
Pope or General McDowell. We concluded we wouldn't " bag Jackson "
that evening if he would "let us off" in the morning. The division
rested quietly, very quietly, until daylight, when it moved, under com-
mand of General Meade, in the direction of the firing, which began very
early on our right front. General Meade, who also went after orders,
got back during the night, but General Reynolds did not find us till we
were moving to meet Sigel, whose firing we had heard.

About 7 A. M. the division reached the small stream flowing between
the Henry House and Bald Hil], where it halted. In the meantime
General Reynolds, going in the direction of tiie firing to the left front,
had found Gibbon's Brigade of King's Division, which was having a

hard fight. Gibbon, in his report, sajs : " General Doubledav, of King's
Division, only upon the urgent solicitation of General Reynolds, sent me
two regiments." General Reynolds remained here until Rickett's Divis-
ion had reached King's position, or at least until he got news of Rick-
ett's Division falling back on King's, and heard that King was going to
fall back on Manassas ; then General Reynolds started out (about 9.80
p. M.), to find his own division, which he reached soon after daylight,
wliile on its way to Sigel's position.

The movements of the remainder of the Union and Confederate
forces on the 27th and 28th were about as follows : The regiment sent
out towards Bristoe Station by General Heintzelman discovered that the
enemy was in force in their front. General Hooker's Division was sent
on 27th east on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad ; this met Ewell's
Division of Confederates and, after a sharp fight, Ewell's troops fell back
to Manassas Junction, where Jackson's main force was. Jackson during
the night of the 27th-28th retreated toward the Warrenton Pike, his main
body going directly west and taking position from Sudley Springs to an
imfinished railroad track northwest of Groveton, a part of his force
going to Centerville and then joining his left. Hooker halted between
Bristoe and Manassas Junction. The morning of the 28th he moved to
Manassas Junction, and then followed towards Centerville the part of
Jackson's force which had fallen back in that direction. Kearney and
Reno moved toward Greenwich on 27th, then followed Hooker's move-
ments on 28th, supporting him, Kearney passing to the froiit towards
evening.

Longstreet, with General Lee's headquarters, followed during the
26tli, 27th and 28th, the route of Jackson, a part of his command getting
east of Thoroughfare Gap late on 28th. He was delayed somewhat by
the inovements of Buford's cavalry.

General Sigel, after crossing the Manassas Gap Railroad, moved
southerly towards Manassas Junction ; when near this junction he, not
being able to find General McDowell, sent to General Pope for orders,
who directed him. to move toward Centerville. He moved a short dis-
tance in that direction, when he received orders from General Pope to
move toward the Warrenton Pike along the Sudley Springs Road. In
the morning of the 28th General Sigel had reported to General McDowell
that from information derived from his scouts and other sources he
thought the enemy was in force on the west (or north) side of the War-
renton Pike. This information, and the firing upon our division, failed

to cause General McDowell to make any effort to find out if the enemy-
was in force west of the pike. He, on the contrary, in face of this
information, obeyed to the letter an order he had received from General
Pope, dated hours before and founded upon the presumption that Jack-
son would remain at Manassas Junction. Late in the morning of the
28th, Ricketts received orders to take his division to Thoroughfare Gap.
He went there, where he met Longstreefs force, wliich he kept from
passing through till after dark.

King's Division remained near its camp of the night of 27th until
lute in the afternoon of 28th, when, in obedience to General Pope's
order to concentrate the army at Centerville, this division started along
the pike to Centerville. King was not informed of General Pope's change
of plan to concentrate at Groveton, nor was he informed that Sigel's
scouts had located the enemy in force west of the Warrenton Pike.
Hatch's Brigade led, with skirmishers out to the east of the road ; Hatch
passed the right of the Confederate position without seeing any enemy.
Patrick's Brigade foUowed Hatch's ; when it came opposite the Confed-
erate right it was fired on. Gibbon, whose brigade foUowed Patrick's,
sent out to see what was there ; his men ran into Taliaferro's Confed-
erate division. Gibbon sustained his skirmishers and a most bloody
contest ensued betw^een Gibbon's Brigade and two regiments of Double-
day's Brigade on the Union side and Taliaferro's Division and two
additional brigades on the Confederate side. King commanding his
division would not support Gibbon. Doubleday, as we have seen, at
Reynolds' request, sent two regiments to help Gibbon.

At dark, Ricketts, finding himself without support, the enemj
forcing both of his flanks, and hearing a severe engagement going on ia
his rear, very properly fell back on King's Division. Upon consulting
together — King being the senior — the whereabouts of the army and
corps commanders as well as the location of any other Union troops
being unknown to them, King and Ricketts decided to fall back on the
Orange and Alexandria Railroad. No one who was not with us at this
time can properly criticise the action of isolated commanders. It is
seldom in war that division commanders are so isolated as they were at
this time.

Porter, with Fifth Corps, moved at 3 A. M. on 28th from near War-
renton Junction, instead of 1 A. M. as ordered ; arrived at Bristoe Station
about 10 A. M., where he remained all day without orders. Banks
moved on 27th and 28th along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, in.

charge of the army trains, towards Manassas Junction. We frequently
heard during the 28th that we were about to " bag Jackson." Officers
and orderlies were ridmg about in every direction giving orders and
reporting news. Meantime, as seen, General Pope's army was getting
scattered to the four winds, and every member of it was losing con-
fidence in the army commander. General McDowell's conduct this day
(28th) is inexpUcable to the writer, who admits that General McDowell's
conduct in his presence during this campaign was such as to leave a bad
impression upon him. but he thinks the true history of this campaign
should be written, and one of the causes of the failure of General Pope's
campaign is here given. General Pope has been hardly treated by all
writers upon his campaign, and General Porter was dismissed. The
writer's theory of this campaign would relieve General Pope of some of
the burden for its failure and would show that Porter's actions, what-
ever they were, had little or no efifect upon the campaign.

About 9 A. M., August 29th, the Reserve Division was advanced on
the left of the Warrenton Pike, southerly, to support Sigel's left, Meade's
First Brigade on the right, Seymour's Second Brigade in centre, and
Jackson's Third Brigade on left. The First Brigade was sent more
to the right to support Cooper's battery, and it had some sharp fighting,
but the Second and Third brigades were not then engaged. The division
was not advanced far before it was stopped, and the whole division fell
back a short distance. Again, about 11 a. m., the division advanced in
line of battle, Tliird Brigade on left, with skirmishers in front ; this
advance continued tmtil the division was about one mile south of Grove-
ton. When the advance began the skirmishers covered the division
front and extended beyond the left, but when the division was halted it
was closed in mass by regiment ; it was then moved by the left flank,
probably a quarter of a mile. The Twelfth Regiment was on the
extreme left. The skirmishers did not follow tliis movement by the left
flank, and thus, when the division halted, there were no skirmishers
covering the left. Jxist before halting the Twelfth Regiment crossed a
fence, which was bordered by brush and trees ; the regiment being
closed in mass became somewhat disordered crossing this fence ; the
regiment came out beyond the fence into an open field, where it was
being reorganized, when a Confederate battery was run up to the crest
of a hill to the left rear of the regiment, not more than one or two
hundred yards distant, and fired one round; fortunately for the Twelfth
Regiment the aim was high, the men instinctively dropped, and the

charge struck only the right front corner of tlie regiment, kiUing and
wounding a small number. Command was instantly given to deploy to-
the rear, and steps were taken to open fire or charge the battery, when
orders were received to retire, at the same time the battery limbered up
and galloped off. Tlie division then moved back to the rear, over
ground a little south of that it had advanced over, the regiments in
retiring being deployed at company distance. Soon after the division
started to the rear the Confederate battery returned to its position and
commenced firing again. This movement to the rear continued for a
half mile or more, when the division was halted and here remained some
time.

Tlie brigades were moved about during the remainder of the after-
noon in various directions, but did not again come under fire until about
sunset. About half an hour before sunset the division advanced in line
of battle over part of the ground it had been over in the morning,
Second Brigade on the left. Third Brigade on the right, the First Brigade
in rear of Third in reserve. When the division approached the enemy's
position skirmishers were thrown out, and after some little time
advanced with sharp firing. The division followed. The Third Brigade
in the latter part of the advance moved down through a com field (tlie
corn standing) till it reached the bed of a dry run. The enemy were
visible beyond the rvm. The brigade moved rapidly dovvTi to the run,
receiving only skirmishers' fire. On the enemy's side of the run the
bank was steep near the run, and then a gentle slope which continued
up in open ground to a fence which ran along the front of an extensive
woods. The division formed in the dry run, then advanced up the
enemy's side of the run till it came to the crest of the steep part of the
bank, where it came face to face with the Confederate line of battle.
In front of the Third Brigade line were two batteries and three lines of
infantry, one behind the other, all evidently waiting for our troops to
endeavor to cross the grassy slope, about two hundred feet wide, which
separated the forces. The division halted before the enemy fired. It
was evident to every one that there was no chance with a single line of
battle of carrying this triple line. The men needed no order to lie down,
but dropped at once on seeing the enemy's lines of infantry behind the
fence. There was no firing except by skirmishers till our troops reached
the crest, when the enemy's artillery opened. General Sej mour rode
ui) on the crest in plain view of the enemy ; one of their batteries sent a
volley at him, but he remained until he had taken a good view of the

enemy's position, when he rode leisurely down tlie hill. One of the
enemy's guns got a kind of enfilade fire ag.ainst the right of the Twelfth
Regiment ; one shot undermined a tree against whicli Colonel Hardin
was leaning, and he fell part way down the hill. This enfilade fire
becoming serious some of the men endeavored to slip away down the
hill, whereupon the officers walked up and down the line, thereby
becoming targets for the enemy's sharpshooters. One shot scraped the
ear of the Colonel of the Twelfth Regiment. Captain Lucas, of ''C"
company, evidently saw the sharpshooter who fired this shot, for a
moment later he cried out " duck. Colonel, duck." The Colonel ducked,
but not quite soon enough ; the shot hit him in the head, cut away half
his hat rim and sent the Colonel to gi-ass.

Seeing there was no chance, with our small force, of carrying the
enemy's position and hearing nothing of the expected attack of
Porter's Corps on our left, orders were given to retire, one regiment
at a time.

The Sixth Regiment, Colonel Sinclair commanding, moved back in
beautiful order, by company front; as it retired the enemy's shells made
an ugly lane through it. The Twelfth Regiment followed the Sixth in
same manner. The Twelfth had better ground to retire on at first, but
when it reached the com field the enemy's infantry joined his artillery
" in letting U9 have it." The regiment walked back, but not at a slow
walk. The division moved back to the rear of a country road which led.
from Bald Hill east to a small farm house ; went into camp here just at
dark. Camp fires had scarcely been lighted when a Confederate battery
opened on our camp from the vicinity of the little farm house on our
left. Fires were at once extinguished, but the enemy's battery having-
got the range continued to fire for an hour or more. This artillery fire
was very destructive, and the colonel of Twelfth Regiment, wliose
command was on the left, went over to headquarters of the division,
which was in the woods near Bald Hill, to endeavor to get his camp
moved, or to have the enemy's battery looked after. General Reynolds
was absept after orders. (It would ajipear to have been the principal
business of a division commander in this campaign to be looking for
some one to give orders!) The colonel of Twelfth Regiment, in returning
to his regiment, got between the hostile pickets, but the Egyptian dark-
ness of the night enabled him to get safely within friendly lines. Thus
this second unfortunate day ended, as it had begun, by the enemy's
artillery surprising our left. All our movements this day seemed to be

without design, and a study of the official reports seem to confirm the
opinion then expressed.

The movements of the other divisions of the Union army were (on
39th) about as follows: King's division fell back to Manassas Junction,
and about 7 A. M,, in the absence of General McDowell, was ordered by
General Pope to join General Porter, who had arrived there about the
same time from Bristoe Station, and who was ordered to advance toward
Centerville, Later, King's Division was ordered by General Pope to go
with General Porter towards Gainesville. General McDowell joined this
division between 10 A. M. and 12 M. and continued towards Gainesville
with General Porter. Whilst Generals Porter and McDowell were
together the noted " joint order " was received. General McDowell had
come from the direction of Manassas Junction ; he brought with him a
despatch from General Buford, stating " That seventeen regiments and
500 cavalry passed Gainesville going east at 8.45 a. m," wliich he showed
to General Porter. Tliis is satisfactory evidence that the head of Long-
street's command joined Jackson by 9 A. M., and that Longstreet's entire
command could have joined by noon. After the receipt of the " joint
order " Generals McDowell and Porter consulted as to what they should
do under the terms of the order. "Whilst the consultation was taking
place General McDowell turned suddenly away and took King's
Division with •"him. General Porter, his staff and generals, understood
that General McDowell went off with King's Division to make the con-
nection between Porter's and Sigel's forces. General McDowell left
General Porter not later than 3 p. M. He reached Sigel's rear about
sunset (7 p. M.), about five hoiu's going five miles, all the time in hearing
of the battle near Groveton. King's Division, under command of General
Hatch, just at dusk advanced along the WaiTenton Road and attacked
Hood's troops, who were coming in the opposite direction. A bloody
contest ensued without advantage to either side.

If General McDowell had moved promptly with King's Division and
joined Reynolds' Division (which was attached to his corps) he could
liave made the connection which Porter expected, the military necessity
of which was so obvious that it was the topic of conversation all this
day in Reynolds' Division. Yet, General McDowell, a learned soldier,
made no effort to make this connection. General McDowell's actions
this day are inexplicable. General Sigel in his report and testimony
only stated what was commoji talk in the army.

Rickettrf' Division having retreated from Thoroughfare Gap, and

afterwards from the place where King s Division liadthe fighi (of 28th),
fell back to tlie Orange and Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe, having
taken this roimdabovit route so as not to interfere with King's Division,
which retired on the direct road to Manassas Junction. This movement
of Ricketts threw his division entirely out for the battle of the 29th, and
left Longstreet and Jackson together. Ricketts' Division moved slowly
along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and finally took the Sudley
Springs Road, or a road to the east of it, reaching tlie rear of Sigel's
position late at night. Kearney's Division advanced (29tli) from Center-
ville, and came in on Sigel's right, attacking several times unsuccess-
fully with sev'ere loss. Hooker's Division attacked near Kearney's.
Reno's command attacked near Sigel's centre. Sigel, early on the 291 h,
advanced against Jackson's position, attacking it at first with his own
corps; his loft having been outflanked, Reynold's Division was sent to
this part of the line. Later in the day Kearney, Hooker and Reno came
to his assistance. Most of the Union attacks were made against that
part of the Confederate line which rested on tl e unfinished railroad.
Kearney late in the day attacked the Confederate left, which for ,a time
"was driven back.

Banks' Corps, moved along with the trains, was never brought to the
fighting front. Tlie oflicial (Confederate) reports show that Longstreet's
troops began to join Jackson at 9 a. m. , and continued arriving until
noon or a little later.

The morning of the 30th the Reserve Division was entirely out of
rations; it was early moved north on the Sudley Springs Road to the
Warrenton Pike, west on this pike a short distance, then moved up the
face of Bald Hill, then back on this hill to the woods. About 9 A. M. an
advance of a part of the division was made, and skirmishers were
pushed well out on the left side of the pike in the woods, and, being
reinforced, carried the edge of Groveton; then this advanced part of
the division was marched back again to Bald Hill, where the division
remained until noon.

Shortly after noon the division was formed in column, First
Brigade leading, and advanced in beautiful shape over the ground
immediately on the left of the Warrenton Pike, right resting on the pike.
As we had seen the enemy's batteries throughout the morning, strimg
along their edge of the woods near Groveton, and extending around to
their left as far as the open ground extended, and as these batteries had
a perfectly open and enfilade fire on our division, as it advanced, we

were certainly astonished at our movement. The enemy watched us,
but evidently thinking it was a ruse on our part, did not fire. The
division was soon withdrawn ; the now rear brigade fell back into the
woods, whilst Cooper's battery was left out in the open ground and
soon began firing. It was replied to. This movement of the Reserve
Division appears to have been made to draw attention from Porter's
attack, which was at tliis time preparing.

Longstreet held too good a position and was too old a Eoldier to be
deceived by this movement. IMoreover, he was playing a ruse on his
part. He was forming his division behind the woods south of Groveton,
screened by cavalry, preparing for attack on his part. Our skirmishers
detected his ruse, and told General Reynolds, who went in person and
verified their reports. He immediately I'ode to General Pope and told
him that tlie enemy, instead of retreating (as some of General Pope's
people had thought), was preparing to attack from his right. General
Pope immediately ordered General Reynolds to post his division to meet
this attack, and oi'dered General Sigel to send batteries and infantry to
assist Reynolds. Reynolds posted his division in line of battle in front
of Bald Hill, extending it to the left. Several of Sigel's batteries were
sent to Reynokis' left, and McLean's Brigade of Sigel's Corps was placed
on Reynolds' right, near the "Warreutou Pike. The position was a good
one with open ground several hundred yards wide in front, woods
in rear.

Whilst the division was taking up this new position, General Porter,
commanding his own corps and two brigades of King's Division, was pre-
paring to attack Jackson's force along the unfinished railroad, where
80 many Union attacks had already failed. The withdrawal of t'.ie
Reserve Division from the advanced position it had taken on the left of
the "Warrenton Pike leaving Porter's left exposed, he sent Warren's
Brigade (Fifth and Tenth New York) to occupy this position. Porter
formed Morrell's Division with its left resting on the pike and its right
extending into the strip of woods in front of the unfinished railroad, as
his front line of attack, with Sykes' Division immediately in rear as a
reserve line. Bang's two brigades were placed on right of Morrell's
Division. Kearney was to have attacked immediately on King's right,
but he refused to assault this position, which he had seen attacked so
often, and moved his division off to the extreme right. Kearney's
movements caused some delay, but between 3 and 4 p. Ji. Porter's front
line was advanced. It made a gallant struggle against th;s strong

position ; so strong was the assault that Jackson called on Longstreet
for assistance.

From our position in front of Bald Hill we could see Porter's left
brigade. It moved out of the strip of timber and formed a deep column
fronting Groveton, and advanced rapid'y toward that point. As soon as
it was clear of tlie woods the Confederate batteries above the unfinished
railroad, and those along the edge of the woods north of Groveton,
opened on it, taking it in front and flank. The destruction was terrible,
but the brigade moved bravely on, even after all organization vas
destroyed by its losses. Nothing human could reach that timber against
that front and flank fire. When about midway of the distance from the
strip of woods from which it started to the woods north of Groveton this
doomed brigade stopped; it seemed at first as if all had been destroyed,
but soon the remnants began moving to the rear. Jui-t as this occurred
the men who had attacked the Confederates near the unfinished rail-
road through the woods to tlie right, and who had failed to carry the
position, began to come straggling out of the woods to tlie rear. At the
same time a force of the enemy, about a brigade, charged in return
over the same open ground where Porter's left brigade had failed.
And, at first, it seemed as if this Confederate force would reach the
strip of woods on our side, the Confederates followed Porter's retreating
men so closely.

From our position we could not see what we had in tlie strip of
woods to oppose the advancing enemy. We could only see one section
and one battery on our side posted on the crests of the small hills near
the Warrenton Pike, opposite the strip of woods. When the last of Por-
ter's retreating men entered the woods and the enemy's advance was
very near it matters were apparently serious in front of our centre, but
at this moment the Union guns near the pike opened, every shot mak-
ing a lane through the Confederate column; still they came on, the rear
in disarray. The front entered the strip of woods, where it mt t a sheet
of flame, Sykes' division having been placed here by Porter to meet this
very case. In a moment the Confederate yell ceased and the column
stopped, then swayed, then those not disabled started to the rear, and
this fine brigade, as had the Union on the same ground, left its bravest
and best dead or dying.

We were just congratulating ourselves upon the defeat of this return
attack when orders were received to go to the assistance of Porter's and
King's troops, many of whom wei*e rapidly moving to the rear on north

100

side of the pike. We demurred to this order, as from our position we
could see thousands of infantry and many batteries to our right rear,
north of the pike, who could certainly stop any force coming across the
wide open space in their front. Whilst we knew our division was
posted to meet Longstreet's expected attack. General McDowell (who
was present with us and who was the most excited officer the writer ever
.saw on a battle field) when he saw Porter's troops retreating ordered
our division across the pike to cover Porter's withdrawal. As above
shown, this was unnecessary, Sykes' Division having repulsed the enemy,
and our division held a position which completely flanked any advance
the enemy could make immediately north of the pike. Moreover, there
was the large Union force above mentioned posted immediately north
of the pike.

This order of General McDowell's (if General Pope gave the order it
must have been at General McDowell's request) was not only fatal and
caused the loss of the battle, but was a great military (tactical) blunder.
This blunder was seen by us and commented on at the time.

About the time the division commander received this order to move,
Lieutenant Chamberlain, aide to General Jackson, commanding the
Third Brigade, rode up to Colonel Hardin, then in command of the
Twelfth Regiment, and told hiji that General Jackson had been taken
suddenly ill. and that General Reyuo.ds desired him to take command
of the Third Brigade. The division moved off to the right, the First and
Second brigades, then the division batteries, then the Third Brigade-
Just as the last battery (Kerns') reached the road, sharp firing was heard
near Groveton south of the pike.

Cap'ain Kerns and Colonel Hardin rode rapidly to the crest of a
small hill south of the pike to see what it was. They both saw Warren's
men firing sharply and retreating. They agreed at once that Longstreet's
expected attack was commencing. Kerns said be would bring his bat-
tery back to the spot where we stood. He did so. Colonel Hardin gal-
loped backward to the Third Brigade, which was then moving down
the slope toward the pike, gave the command " Left into line, wheel !''
and moved the brigade up to the crest on the left of Kerns' battery, two
regiments being on the crest and two about one hundred feet in rear.
Kerns' battery opened on the enemy at once, but WaiTen's retreating
men, Fifth and Tenth New York (Fifth were Zouaves and could be very
distinctly seen) interfered with the fire of the brigade. It was, there-
fore, not as effective at first as it otherwise might have been. The enemy

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advanced in line down the slope of the next hill west of the Third Bri-
gade's position. A small strip of woods extended from the larger woods
on the left at the foot of the hill, between the opposing forces, nearly to
the pike.

The enemy advanced without firing till he reached the foot of the
hill, where he was checked by Kerns' battery, when he moved by his
right flank to the strip of woods and commenced firing. The enemy's
fire began slowly to move around towards the left of the Third Brigade.
He found he could not take the battery in frot.t. His reinforcements
could be seen moving to liis right. The tiring soon became so hot on
the left that the left regiment of front line was partly moved to face it ;
then the second line was ordered to join the first.

About this time Colonel Warren appeared and placed his retreating
men in the firing line. The enemy's fire now, both on the front and left
of the brigade, was terrific. Captain Kerns was killed, and the entire
personnel of his battery disabled. Colonel Hardin, whilst urging the
men to hold oa till reinforcements, which he saw coming, could reach
them, was struck down. The remainder of the battle to the writer is
pretty much a blank, except he remembers, whilst being carried to the
rear, meeting Lieutenant Lamborne, cf General Rej'nolds' staff, near
the pike, not far from the Third Brigade. He gave the writer his small
flask of brandy (a gift that probably saved his life), which Avould show
how promptly General Reynolds came to the rescue of the left. The
Twelfth Regiment came under command of Colonel Baldy , the Third Bri-
gade came under, first. Colonel Kirk, of the Tenth, who was soon woimded,
then under Colonel Anderson, of the Ninth (who was so often afterwards
to bri:^g this brigade out of battle). The Third Brigade, with some of
Warren's men, held on here till a position was secured to their left rear.
Milroy's, Towers and other brigades were hurried to the support of the
Third Brigade. Kerns' battery and the Third Brigade of Reserve divis-
ion literally threw themselves into the breach without orders. Kerns
and many noble men sacrificed their lives, and many more of us will go
maimed to our graves, by reason of a military mistake wdiich ought not
to have been made.

No doubt General McDowell promised General Reynolds to replace
his division, and did try to do so, but time is valuable in the face of the
enemy and a general must keep his wits in battle. Sigel had no trouble
in holding his front, and he put nearly his whole force on the left of the
pike. As they i-eturned to the left rear Reynolds and Meade saw that the

103

enemy was checked near clie south side of the pike, and they knew he
would push around to the south side of Bald Hill. Thev, therefore,
hurried their commands along the Sudley Springs Road, back of Bald
Hill, and met the advancing enemy, as expected.

When the ammunition of First and Second Brigades, Reynolds'
Division, was expended they were relieved by Sykes' Division. The
enemy succeeded in turning Bald Hill, but met such resistance from
Reynolds' and Sykes' commands near the Henry House as to check his
farther advance. Night closed the contest.

This battle was fought mainly by the men under Porters command,
aided l)y Sigel's. A gallant assault was made by Porter's command upon
a position that had been so frequently assaulted without success that it
was a military error to assaidt it again. (Kearney refused ?) Then a most
bloody and desperate resistance was successfully made to a thoroughly
prepared assault by more than half of the Confederate army under their
ablest fighting corps commander. An assavdt that had been foreseen by
Reynolds, whose careful preparations to meet it were destroyed by
McDowell. Yet Porter was dismissed and his command abused, Sigel
and his command abused, whilst McDowell became a major-general in
the regular army. However, " The mills of the gods grind slowly, but
they grind exceeding fine.'' History is rectifyirg these matters. Por-
ter made a long but successful fight, not only for himself but for the
noble dead of his abused command. The writer has elaborated on this
campaign for the reason that he hopes political or book generals will
never in future be given preference over those who have had experience
in the field. The bickerings and ill feelings which no doubt existed in
Pope's command should teach this lesson, namely : not to injure the
feelings of an army, although its commanding general fails to satisfy the
powers that be. Under no circumstances allow the new commanding
general to cast reflections upon the troops who are to come under his
command.

Heintzelman's Corps, supported by Reno, attacked on the Union
right, but wliilst assaulting gallantly the enemy held his lef f. During
the night the Union army was ordered to retire on Centervilie.

The Reserve Division got together during the night of the oOth on
the Warrenton Pike whilst en route toCenterville, but not until morning
did most of the men find their regiments.

The Confederate army's movements were about as follows : General
Lee eays : "The victory of Cedar Run efiejtually checked the progress

108

of the enemy for the time, but it soon becamo apparent that Lis army-
was being largely increased. The corns of General Burnside from North
Caroina, which had reached Fredericksburg, was reported to have moved
up the Rappahannock a few days after the battle, to unite with General
Pope, and a part of McClellan's army was believed to have left Westover
(Harrison's Landing) for the same purpose. It, therefore, seemed that
active operations on the James were no longer contemplated, and that
the most effectual way to reheve Richmond from any danger of attack
from that quarter would be to reinforce General Jackson and advance
upon Pope. Accordingly, on August 15th, General Longstreet, with
his division and two brigades under General Hood, were ordered to pro-
ceed to Gordonsville. At the same lime General Stuart was directed to
move with the main body of his cavalry to that point, leaving a suffi-
cient force to observe the enemy still remaining in Fredericksburg and
tj guard the railroad. General R. H. Anderson was also directed to
leave his position on James River and follow Longstreet. On the 16lh
the troops began to move from the vicinity of Gordonsville toward
the Rapidan, on the north side of which, extending along the Orange
and Alexandria Railroad in the direction of Culpeper Court House, the
Federal army lay in grrat force. It was determint d with the cavalry to
destroy the railroad bridge over the Rappahannock, in rear of the enemy,
while Longstreet and Jackson crossed the Rapidan and attacked his flank.
The movement * * * was appointed for August 18th. * * * Its
execution was postponed to the 20th. In the interval the enemy, being
apprised of our design, hastily retired beyond the Rappahannock. Gen-
eral Lcngstreet crossed the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford and preceded by
General Fitz Lee's cavalry brigade, arrived early in the afternoon near
K'lly's Ford on the Rappahannock, where Lee had a sharp skirmish
with the rear guard of the enemy, who held the north side of the liver
in strong force. Jackson passed the Rapidan at Somerville Ford and
moved toward Brandy Station; a large body of the enemy's cavalry was
encountered. * * * General Jackson halted for the night at Stevens-
burg, and on the morning of the 21st moved upon Beverly Ford on tho
Rappahannock. * * * As our positions on the south bank of the Rap-
pahannock were commanded by those of the enemy, who guarded all
the fords, it was determined to seek a more favorable place to cross
higher up the river, and thus gain the enemy's right. Accordingly Gen-
eral Longstreet was directed to leave Kelly's Ford on the 21st and take
the position in front of the enemy in the vicinity of Beverly Ford and

104

the Orange and Alexandria Railroad bridge, then held by Jackson, in
order to mayk the movement of the latter, who was instructed to ascend
the river. On 22d Jackson crossed Hazel Run at Welford's Mill and
proceeded up the Rappahannock, leaving Trimble's Brigade near
Freeman's Ford, to protect his trains. In the afternoon Longstreet
sent Hood, with his own and Whiting's brigade, under Colonel Law, to
relieve Trimble. Hood had just reached the position when he and
Trimble were attacked by a considerable force which had crossed at
Freeman's Ford " CBuford aided by Sigel). "* * * General Jackson
arrived at the Warrenton Springs Ford in the afternoon and immedi-
ately began to cross his troops to the north side, occupying the springs
and neighboring heights. * * * He was interrupted by rain and
ordered to withdraw.

" * * * General Stuart, who had been directed to eut the railroad
in the rear of General Pope's army, crossed the Rappahannock on the
morning of the 22d, about six miles above the springs, with parts of
Lee's and Robinson's brigades. Passing through Warrenton he reached
Catletfs Station at night, but was prevented from destroying the rail-
road bridge at that point by the same storm that had arrested Jackson's
movements. * * * He retired after firing the enemy's camp, and
recrossed the Rappahannock at Warrenton Springs. * » * The rise
of the river rendering the lower fords impassable enabled the enemy
to concentrate his main body oppDsite Jackson, and Longstreet on the
24th was ordered to proceed to his support. * * * He (Longstreet)
reached Jeflersonton in the afternoon. * * * The enemy was massed
between Warrenton and the springs. * * * The army of McClellan
had left Westover ; part of it it had already marched to join General
Pope, and it was rei)orted the rest would soon follow.

The captured correspondence of General Pope confirmed this infor-
mation and also disclosed the fact that the greater part of the army of
General Cox had been withdrawn from the Kanawha Valley for the
sime i^urj^ose." (Lee tlius knew he was safe in resting his rear on
the Shenandoah Valley.) "Two brigades of General D. H. Hill's
Division under General Ripley had already been ordered from Richmond,
and the remainder under General D. H. Hill in person with the division
of General McLaws, two brigades under General Walker and Hampton's
Brigade of cavalry, were now directed to join tliis army and were now
approaching.

In pursuance of the plan of operations determined upon JacksorL

105

was directed on the 25th to cross above Waterloo and move around the
enemy's right, so as to strike the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in his
rear. Longstreet * * * was to divert liis attention by threatening
him in front, and to follow Jackson as soon as the latter should be suffi-
ciently advanced. Jackson crossed the Rappahannock at Hinsou's Mill,
about four miles above Waterloo, and passing through Orleans encamped
on night of 2oth, near Salem, after a long and fatiguing marcb.

The next morning, continuing his route with his accustomed vigor
and celerity, he passed the Bull Run Mountains at Thoroughfare Gap
and proceeding by the way of Gainesville, reached the railroad at Bris-
toe Station after sunset. At Gainesville he was joined by General Stuart
with the brigades of Robertson and Lee, who continued with him dur-
ing the rest of his operations, vigilantly and effectually guarding both
his flanks.

Thus far no considerable force of the enemy had been encountered,
and he did not appear to be aware of his situation. * * * General
Trimble volunteered to proceed at once (on 26th) to that place " (Manas-
sas Junction), "with Twenty-First North Carolina and Twenty-First
Georgia. * * *

^ General Stuart was ordered to accompany him with part of his
cavalry and to take command. * * * About midnight the place
(Manassas Junction) was taken. * * *

General Jackson left Ewoll's Division with Fifth Virginia Cavalry
at Bristoe Station, and with the rest of the command proceeded to the
junction, where he arrived early in the mornmg. Soon afterwards a
considerable force of the enemy under General Taylor approached
from the direction of Alexandria and pushed forward boldly to recap-
ture the stores that had been lost. After a sharp engagement the enemy
was routed and driven back, leaving his killed and wounded on the
field. General Taylor being himself mortally wounded during the pur-
suit. The troops remained at Manassas the rest of the day, supplying
themselves with everything they reciuired from the captured stores.

In the afternoon the enemy " (Hooker's Division) "'advanced upon
General Ewell at Bristoe from the direction of Warrentown Junction.
They were attacked by three regiments and the batteries of Ewell's
Division, and two columns of not less than a brigade each were broken
and repulsed. Their places were soon supplied by fresh troops, and it
was apparent that the Federal commander had now become aware of
the situation of affairs, and had turned upon Jackson with his whole

106

force." (Hooker's attack created a strong impression.) "* * * Ewell
withdrew his comniaud * * * aud rejoined Jackson at Manassas
Junction, first destroying the railroad bridge over Broad Run. The
enemy halted at Bri^toe. General Jackson's force being much inferior
to that of General Pope, it became necessary for him to withdraw from
Manassas and take a position west of the turnpike road from Warrenton
to Alexandria, where he could more readily unite with the approaching
column of Longstreet. * * * Taliaferro's Division moved during the
night by the road to Sudley, and, crossing the turnpike near Groveton,
halted on the west side, near the battlefield of July 21, 1861, where it
was joined on 28th by divisions of Hill and Ewell. Perceiving, during
the afternoon (28th), that the enemy approaching from the direction of
Warrenton was moving down the pike toward Alexandria, thus expos-
ing his left flank. General Jackson advanced to attack him. A fierce
and sangTiinary conflict ensued, which continued until about 9 P. M.,
when the enemy slowly fell back and left us in possession of the field.
The loss on both sides was heavy, and among our wounded were Major-
General Ewell and Brigadier-General Talliaferro, the former severely.
The next morning (29th) the enemy had taken a position to inter-
pose his army between General Jackson and Alexandria, and about 10
A. M." (about daylight?) "opened with artillery on right of Jackson's
line. The troops of the latter were disposed in rear of Groveton, along
the line of the unfinished branch of the Manassas Gap Railroad, and
extended from a point a short distance west of the turnpike toward
Sudley Mill, Jackson's Division, under General Starke, being on the
right; Swell's, under Lawton, in the centre, and A. P. Hill's on the left.
The Federal army was evidently concentra' ing upon Jackson, with the
design of overwhelming him before the arrival of Longstreet.

The latter oflicer left his position opj^osite Warrenton Springs ou
'26th, being relieved by General R. H. Anderson's Division, and marched
to join Jackson. He crossed at Hinson's Mills in the afternoon and
encamped near Orleans that night. The next day he reached the White
Plains; his march was retarded for want of cavalry to ascertain mean-
ing of certain movements of the enemy " (Buford's cavalry), "from the
direction of Warrenton, which seemed to menace the right flank of Ms
column. On 28th, arriving at Thoroughfare Gap, he found, the enemy
prepared to dispute his passage. * * * The enemy held the eastern
extremity of the pass in large force" (Rickett's Division). '•» * * Hood,
with two brigades, and Wilcox, with three, were ordered to turn the ene-

107

my's riglit, the former moving over the mountain by a narrow path to
he left of the pass, and the latter farther to the north by Hopewell Gap.
* * * He (the enemy) kept up an active artillery fire until dark, and
then retired. General Jones (with his division) and Wilcox bivouacked
that night east of the mountains, and on the morning of the 29th the
whole command resumed the march, the sound of cannon at Manassas
announcing that Jackson was already engaged.

Longsfcreet entered the pike near Gainesville, and, moving down
toward Groveton, the head of his column came upon the field in rear of
the enemy's left. * * ^- He immediately placed some of his batteries
in position. * * * Longstreet took j)osition on the r'ght of Jackson,
Hoods two brigades, supported by Evans, being deployed across the
turnpike and at right angles to it. Thesa troops were supported on the
left by three brigades under Wilcox and by a like force on the right
under Kemper. D. R. Jones' Division formed the extreme right of the
line, resting on the Manassas Gap Railroad. The cavalry guarded our
right and Ic ft flanks, that on the right under General Stuart in person.
After the arrival of Longstreet the enemy changed his position and
began to concentrate opi'osite Jackson's left. * * * Colonel Walton
placed a part of his artillery upon a commanding position between the
lines of Generals Longstreet and Jackson by the order of tlie former
and engaged the enemy vigorously for several hours." (These batteries
or those that replaced them repulsed the left of Porter's attack on
30th.) * * *

'• Soon afterward General Stuart reported the approach of a large
force from the direction of Bristoe Station, threatening Longstreet's
right. The brigades under General Wilcox were sent to reinforce
General Jones, but no serious attack was made, and after firing a few
shots the enemy withdrew. While this demonstration was being made
on our riglit a large force advanced to assail left of Jackson's position
occupied by the division of A. P. Hill. * * * The enemy "' (Kearney)
" was repeatedly repulsed, but again pressed on to the attack with fresh
troops. Once he succeeded in penetrating an interval between General
Gregg's Brigade, on the exneme left, and General Thomas", but was
quickly driven back. * * * The contest was close and obstinate, tlie
combatar.ts sometimes delivering their fire at ten paces. While the
battle was raging on Jackson's .'eft. General Longstreet ordered Hood
and Evans to advance; but, before the order could be obeyed, Hood was
liimself attacked. * ■* * General Wilcox was recalled from the

108

right and ordered to advance on Hood's left. * * * The enemy was?
repulsed after a severe contest." (Hatch's, late King's, Division attack
at sunset.) " * * * Our lo^s was severe m this engagement.

* * * On the morning of the 3flth the enemy again advanced, and
skirmishing began along the line. The trooiis of Jackson and Long-
street maintained their positions of the previous day.

* * * R. H. Anderson's Division, which arrived during the fore-
noon, was held in reserve near the turnpike. The batteries of Colonel
S. D. Lee took the position occupied the day before by Colonel Walton
and engaged the enemy actively until noon, when firing ceased and all
was quiet for several hours. About 3 p. M. the enemy, having massed
his troops in front of Jackson, advanced against his position in strong
force. His front line pushed forward until engaged at close quarters by
Jackson's troops, when its progress was checked and a fierce and bloody
struggle ensued, A second and third line of great strength was moved
up to support the first, but in doing so came within easy range of a
position a little in advance of Longstreet's left. He immediately
ordered up two batteries, and two others being thrown forward about
the same time by Colonel Lee, under their well-directed and destructive
fire the supporting lines were broken and fell back in confusion.

* * * General Longstreet, anticipating the order for a general
advance, now threw his whole command against the Federal centre
and left. Hood's Brigade, closely followed I y Evans', led the attack,
R. H. Anderson's Division came gallantly to the support of Hood, while
the three brigades under Wilcox moved forward on his left and those
of Kemper on his right. D. R. Jones advanced on the extreme right,
and the whole line swept steadily on, driving the enemy with great
courage from each successive position until 10 P. M., when darkness put
an end to the battle and the pursuit. During the latter part of the
engagement General Wilcox, with his own brigade, was ordered to the
right, where the resistance of the enemy was most obstinate. * * *
The obscurity of night and the uncertainty of the fords of Bull Run ren-
dered it necessary to suspend operations until morning, when the cav-
alry * * * discovered that the enemy had escaped to the strong
position of Centerville. * * *

Longstreet remained on the battlefield to engage the attention of
the enemy, * * * while Jackson jiroceeded by Sudley Ford to the
Little River Turnpike to turn the enemy's right and interrupt his retreat
to Washington. * * * He reached Little River Turnpike in the

109

evening, and the uext day (September 1) advanced by that road
toward Fah-fax Court House. The enemy, in the meantime, was falling
back rapidly toward Washington, and had thrown out a strong force
to Germantown. * * * The advance of Jackson's column encoun-
tered the enemy at Ox Hill, near Germantown, about 5 P. M. Line of
battle was formed at once, and two brigades of A. P. Hill's Division
* * * were thrown forward to attack. * * * Tliey were subse-
quently supported by the brigades of Gregg, Tliomas and Pender, all
of Hill's Division, which, with part of Ewell's, became engaged. The
contest was obstinately maintained until dark. * * * Longsti-eet
arrived after the action was over. * * * Our army rested during
the 2d, near Chantilly. * * * In the series of engagements on the
plains of Manassas 7,000 prisoners were taken, in addition to about
2,000 wounded left in our hands. Thirty pieces of artillery, upwards of
20,000 small arms, etc., were captured."

General Pope in his report says : " The attack of Porter" (on 30th)
*' was neither vigorous nor persistent, and his ti'oops soon retired in
considerable confusion."

The following is from the report of the Board ordered to examine
the Porter case (Generals Schofield, Terry and Getty) : " As Longstreet's
army pressed forward to sti'ike Pope's exjwsed left wing and flank,
Warren, with his little brigade, sprang into the gap and breasted the
storm until but a handful of brave men were left alive." (Our Third
Brigade and Kerns' battery supported Warren without orders.) "Then
Sykes with his disciplined regulars, and Reynolds with his gallant
Pennsylvania Reserves, seized the commanding ground in the rear, and,
like a rock, withstood the advance of the victorious enemy and saved
the Union army from rout." The above, as well as the long extracts
from General Lee's report, are given in answer to General Pope's
remark in his report of the campaign, derogatory to the fighting of
Porter's command.

" Early in the night of the battle the Reserve Corps marched toward
Centervi le and bivouacked on the east bank of Cub Run, and on the
following morning it proceeded to Centerville. Never were the men of
this division in more straitened circumstances. There had been no
proper and full rations issued since the 24th of the month. * * *
For two days the men had subsisted on green fruit and herbs snatched
by the wayside, and had been sustained more by the fierce excitement
of battle than by physical strength. At 10 A. M. (}he division was led

110

down the pike two milts from Centerville, where the regiments were
halted and a small quantity of (lofTee and hard bread were distributed.

* * * In the afternoon the division marched back to Centerville, and
there received rations of salt beef. It then marched back to Cub Run
to relieve Reno's troops, who were guarding the crossing of this stream.

* * * A heavy rain set in and the night was dark and dreary."

The further movements of the army are given in General Pope's
report as follows: "The enemy during Monday again began to work
slowly around to our right fc^r the purpose of passing Fairfax Court
House, and thus turnin.;^ our rear. Couch's Division and one brigade
of Sumner's had been left there, and I sent over Hooker on ]\Ionday
afternoon to take command and to post them at or in front of German-
town, at the same time directing McDowell to take position along the
turnpike from Centerville to Fairfax Court House, about two miles
west of the latter place. Hetntzelman was directed to post himself in
rear and support Reno, who was pushed north of the road, at a point
two and a half miles east of Centerville, to cover the turnpike. * * *
Late in the afternoon of Monday the enemy made his demonstrations
upon Germautown, but was met by Hooker at that place, and by Reno,
reinforced by Kearney, farthtr west. The battle was very severe,
though short. * * * Kearney and Stevens killed. By morning the
whole of my command was massed behind Difficult Creek, between
Flint Hill and the Warrenton Turni)ike, with the advance under Hooker
at Germantown."

Sypher says: "The retirement of the troops was commenced on
the afternoon of the 2d, and by sundown of the 4th the combined forces
of the three armies were posted behind the defences around the Capitol.

Retiring with McDowell's Corps, General Reynolds marched his
division on the evening of the 2d on Alexandria and Columbia Pike, to
the vicinity of Hunter's Chapel and Arlington, and on the afternoon of
the 4th encamped north of Munson's Hill."

Casualties in Twelfth Regiment — Captain Schelling and Lieutenant
Weber and Colonel Hardin wounded ; 5 men kUled, 35 men wounded;
Lieutenant Cloyd and 23 men missing.

Wherever the Twelfth Regiment is not specially mentioned its
movements were the same as the Third Brigade or the division. It did
its bhare of picket duty and skirmishing during the campaign, but the
lack of a daily diary prevents the writer from attempting to give the
daily duties of the regiment. Part of it under Captain Gustin rein-

Ill

forced the Bucktails on skirmish south of Groveton the morning of
August 30. These skirmishers had great difficulty in returning to the
command — probably some were taken prisoners.

CHAPTER X.

SOUTH MOUNTAIN, ANTIETAM AND FREDERICKSBURGH.

Whilst the Reserve Division rested at Munson's Hill many men,
who had been absent for various causes from the division during Pope's
campaign rejoined, and thus the division started in this campaign
stronger than it was when it joined Pope's army.

On the 7th day of September the Reserve Corps, as a division of the
First Army Corps, General Reynolds commanding the division. General
Hooker the corps, and General McClellan the re-organized army,
marched from its camp near Munson's Hill, crossed the Potomac on
Long Bridge, and thence marching through the streets of Washing-
ton encamped on Meridian Hill. On the following day, new clothes
and a fresh supply of rations were issued to the men, and the divi-
sion moved forward to a point near Brookville, in Maryland, where
it encamped for two days. From Bi-ooKvUle it marched on the road
towards Frederick, and on the night of the 12th encamped beyond
New Market, near Monccacy Creek. Govei-nor Curtin, believing the
enemy would invade Pennyslvania, called out 75,000 militia. General
Reynolds was, at the request of the Governor, assigned to command of
the Pennsylania militia; he was succeeded in command of the division
by General Meade, the First Brigade being commanded by Colonel Magil-
ton, the Second by General Seymour, and the Third by Colonel Gal-
lagher, of the Eleventh; Third Brigade, composed of Ninth, Lieutenant-
Colonel Anderson; Tenth, Colonel Warner; Eleventh, Lieutenant-
Colonel Jackson ; and Twelfth, Captain Gustin.

On the 13th the division crossed the Monocacy, and during the
afternoon camped on the western bank.

The movements of the army of the Potomac after McClellan
relieved Pope were, as described by McClellan, as follows :

" Having made the necessary arrangements for the defence of the
city (Washington) in the new condition of things, I pushed forward
the First and Ninth Corps, under Hooker and Reno, forming the right

113

wing, under General Burnside, to Leesborough on the 5th ; thence the
First Corps by Brookville, Cooksville, acd Ridgeville, to Frederick ; and
the ^^inth Coi-ps by Damascus, on New Market and Frederick ; the
Second Corps and tlie Eleventh (Twelfth) under General Sumner and
Williams, on the 6th were moved from Tennallytown to Rcckville,
thei.ce by Middietown and Urbana on Frederick, the Eleventh (Twelfth)
moving by a lateral road between Urbana and New Market, thus main-
taining the communications between the centre and right wing, as well
as covering the direct road to Washington. The Sixth Corps, under
General Franklin, was moved to Darnstown nn the Gth, thence by
Dawsonville and Barnsville on Buckeyestown, covering the road from
the mouth of the Monccacy to Rockville, and being in position to con-
nect with and support the centre should it have been necessary (as was
supposed) to force the line of the Monocacy. Couch's Division was thrown
forward to Offuts Cross Roads and Poolesville by the River Road, thus
covering that approach, watching the fords of tlie Potomac, and ulti-
mately following and supporting the Sixth Corps.

The object cf these movements was to feel the enemy, to compel
him to develop his intentions at the same time that the troops were in
position to cover Washington, or Baltimore, to attack him should he
hold the line of the Monccacy, or to follow him into Pennsylvania if
necessary."'

On the 12th a portion of the right wing entered Frederick, after a
brisk skirmish at the outskirts of the city and in its streets. On the
13th the main bodies of the right wing and centre passed through
Frederick. On the 13th the advance, consisting of Pleasanton's cav-
alry and horse artillery, after some skirmishing, cleared the passage
over the Cotoctin Hills, leaving no serious obstruction to the the move-
ment of the main body, until the base of the South Mountain range was
reached. On the afternoon of the 13th General McClellan obtained
General Lee's order of march, which, it is supposed, was lost by one of his
generals, being found in an abandoned camp. At first General McClel-
lan may have thought this order was a trick to get him far away from
Washington, and thus enable Lee to get between his army and Wash-
ington, south of the Potomac, this move on Lee's part being greatly
apprehended by General Halleck. A few hours after obtaining this
order, the cavalry reports confirming the movements of the enemy
directed by it, McClellan concluded to act upon the information thus
obtained. His orders were correct, except that he did not require the

114

movements to be made at once, deferring all movements until the next
day. McClellan might by a niglit march have prevented the battle cf
South Mountain from taking place, and have caused Lee's left wing to
hasten over the river to join Jackson, but with Lee's fine body of cav-
alry, so ably commanded, there was little chance for so large an army
as McClellan's to have reached any part of Lee's main force without his
being prepared for it. Military cri ics who think McClellan ought to
have captured or destroyed a large part of the Confederate army at
this time, write without due consideration of the conditions of the two
armies. In fact, it never was pos-ible for either the Army of Northern
Virginia, when strongest, as during the seven days on the Peninsula,
or the Army of the Potomac, when nearly, if not quite double the
strength of the Confederate, as it was under Grant, to capture or des-
troy its opponent.

It is believed that any army acting on the defensive, armed with
modern weapons, if properly handled and fought, can hold its own
against one of very nearly, if not quite double, its strength.

McClellan's orders after receiving Lee's order were for Franklin to
move at daylight of the 14th by Jeffersonton and Burkettsville, upon
the road to Rohrersville, to cut off McLaw's Conf^ derate Division ; the
whole of Burnside's command was ordered to march the evening of the
13th and early on the 14th, to be followed by the corps of Sumner and
Banks and Sykes' Division on Boonesborough, to carry that position.
General Franklin's advance arrived at Burkettsville about noon, to find'
Crampton's Pass held by the enemy. Slocum's Division of Franklin's
command was formed on the right of the road and Smith's on the left.
Bartlett's and Torbert's brigades, supported by Newton, advanced
steadily, the enemy was driven from his position at the base cf the
Mountain, where he was protected by a stone wall, and forced back iip
the slope until he reached his battery, pcsted in the road, well up the
Mountain. He made a stand here, but was forced to retire, which he
did by retiring his artillery in echelon and contesting the ground to the
crest. Brooke's and Irwin's brigades, of Smith's Division covering
Slocum's flank, moved up the Mountain on the left of the road, driving
the enemy before them until the crest was reached. Four hundred (400)
prisoners from seventeen organizations, one piece of artillery and three
colors were cap*ured in this brilliant advance. Franklin's commnnd
continued to advance until it reached Pleasant Valley, being within
four miles of Maryland Heights that night, where lie could have con-

115

nectcd with the Union force at these heights had it not been previously
withdrawn. While the events which have just l)een described were
taking place at Cranipton's Gap, the troops of the centre and right wing
were contending for the possession of Turner's Gap.

" On the morning of the 13th General Pleasanton was ordered to
send McReynokls' Brigade and a section of artillery in the direction of
Gettysburgh," (it will be seen that this was a noticeable point) "and
Rush's Regiment toward Jefferson to communicate with Franklin, and
(Pleasanton) was to proceed with the remainder of his force in the direc-
tion of Middletovvn. He reached Turner's Gap of the South Mountain
ill the afternoon, and found the enemy in force.

He sent back for infantry to General Burnside, who had been
directed to support him. * * * The South Mountain is at this point
about one thousand feet high, and its general direction is from north-
east to southwest. The National Road from Frederick to Hagtrstown
crosses it neaily at right angles at Turner's Gap, a depression seme four
hundred feet deep. The Mountain on the north side of the pike is^
divieled into two crests or ridges by a narrow valley, which, though
deep at the pass, becomes a slight depression at about a mile to the
north.

There are two country roads, one to the right of the pike, the other
i<) the left, which give accefs to the crests overlooking the main road.
The oi-e on the left, called ' The Old Sharpsburgh Road,' is nearly
parallel to and about a half-mile distance from the pike, until it
reaches the crest of the Mountain, where it leads off to the left. Tlie
other road, called ' The Old Hagerstown Read,' passes up a ravine in
the Mountain, about a mile from the pike, and leading to the left over
and along the crest, enters the pike at the Mountain House, near the
summit of the pass.

* * * On the 14th General Pleasanton continued his reconnois-
sance ; Gibson's battery, and afterwards Benjamin's, of Reno's Corps,
was placed on high grounel on the left of the pike, and obtained a
direct fire on the enemy in the Gap.

Cox's Division, which had been ordered up to support Pleasanton ,
left its bivouac near Middletown, at 6 a. m. The First Brigade reached
the scene of action about 9 a. m. , an el was sent on the old Sharpsburgh
Road by General Pleasanton to feel the enemy, and ascertain if he held
the crest on that side in strong force. This was soon found to be the
case, and General Cox having an-iveel with the other brij^ade, and infeir-

116

mation having been received from General Reno that the column vi'ould
be supported by the whole corps, the division was ordered to
assault the position. Two twenty-pounders of Simmon's battery, and
two sections of McMullins' were Itf t in rear near the i^ike, and did good
service all day. Colonel Scammon s Brigade was deployed, moved up
the slope to the left of the road, with object of turning the enemy's
right. It gained the crest and, supported by Crook's Brigade, retained
its position against repeated assaults until noon.

There was now a lull for t^vo hours, wliilst Union troops continued
arriving. "Wilcox's Division came up first; it was moved about to
several positions, and finally put on right of the old Sharpsburgh
Road. Crook had moved up some guns near the cresi ; as Wilcox was
coming into position, the enemy opened with a battery close to his
right, creating a sort of panic there and alnost took Crook's guns, but
the Seventy-]^ inth New York and Seventeenth Michigan rallied to their
defence. Burnside now directed Rcr.o to move upSturgis' and Rod-
man's divisions to support Cox and Wilcox. Sturgis' Division arrived
at 3.30 P. M., and was formed in rear of Wilcox ; Rodman's was divided,
Colonel Fairchild's Brigade was placed on the extreme left and Colonel
Harland's on the right.

After it was ascertained that General Hooker's command on right
of the main road was well advanced, a general advance on the left of
the main road was ordered. The enemy made a desperate resistance,
counter charging the Union lines, but were everywhere driven back.
The fighting on the left of main road continued till 9 to 10 P. M.
General Reno was killed in this advance. Wilcox's Division suffered
the principal loss.

Hooker's Corps reached the Cotoctin about 1 P. M., having left
the vicinity of the Monocacy that morning.

About 1 P.M. General Meade's Division (the Reserves) was ordered to
make a diversion in favor of Reno, in accordance with the following
order ; " General Hooker; General Reno requests that a division of
your's may move up on the right of the main road. General McClellan
desires you to comply with this request, holding your whole corps in
readiness to support the movement, and taking charge of it yourself.
Sumner's and Bank's corps have commenced arriving. Let General
McClellan be informed as soon as you commence your movement."

Meade's Division (the Reserves) left Cotoctin Creek about 2 p. M., and
turned off to the right from the main road on tlie old Hagerstown

117

Road leading to IMotiut Tabor Church, where General Hooker was, and
deploye 1 a short distance in advance, its rij^hfc renting about one and a
half miles from the pike. The enemy fired a few shots from a battery on
the Mountain side, but did no considerable dama-e. Cooper's battery
was placed in position on high ground about 3.30 p. m., and fire^ at the
enemy on the slope, but soon ceased, by order of General Hooker, and
the position of our lines prevented any further use of artillery on this
part of the field. The First Massachusetts Cavah-y was sent up the val-
ley to the right to observe the movements of the enemy in that direc-
tion, and one of Meade's regiments was posted to watch a road coming
in the same direction. The other divisions of Hooker's Corps were
deployed as they came up, Hatch's to the left, and Ricketts', which
arrived at 5 P. M., in rear. "Gibbon's Brigade was detached from
Hatch's Division by General Burnside, for the purpose of making a
demonstration on the enemy's centre up the main road, as soon as the
movements on the right and left had sufficiently progressed."

The First Pennsylvania Rifles (Bucktails), of Seymour's Brigade,
were sent forward as skirmishers to feel the enemy ; it was found he
was in force. Meade was then directed to advance his division to the
right of the road (old llagerstown Road) so as to outflank him, if possible,
and then to move forward and attack, while Hatch was directed to take
with his division the crest on the left of the old Hagerstown Road,
Rickett's Division lo be held in reserve. Seymour's Brigade was sent up
to the top of the slope on the right of the ravine through which the
road runs ; it then moved along the summit parallel to the road, while
Colonel Gallagher's and Colonel Magilton's brigades moved in the same
direction along the slope and in the ravine. The ground was of the most
difficult character for the movements of troops, the hillside very steep
and rocky, and obstructed by stone walls and timber. The enemy was
very soon encountered, and in a short time the action became general
along the whole front of the division. The Ime advanced steadily up the
Mountain side where the enemy was posted behind trees and rocks, from
which he was gradually dislodged. During this advance Colonel Gal-
lagher, of Eleventh, commanding the Third Brigade, was severely
wounded, and the command devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ander-
son.

General Hooker, reporting this action, says : "In front of us was
South Mountain, the crest of the spiral ridge of which was held by the
enemy in considerable force. Its slopes were precipitous, rugged, and

118

wooded, and difficult of ascent to an infantry in force, even in the
absence of a foe in front. The National Pike crosses the summit of this
range through a gentle depression, and near this point a spur projects
from the body of the ridge, and running nearly i-arallel with it about a
mile, when it is abruptly cut by a rivulet from the main ridge, and
rising again and extends far to the northward. At and to the north of
the pike this spur is separated from the main ridge by a narrow valley,
with cultivated fields extending well up the gentle slope of the hUl on
each side. Here the enemy had a strong infantry force posted, and a
few pieces of artillery. Through the break in the spur at the base of
the principal ridge were o her cleared fields, occupied by the enemy.
* * *

As soon as these dispositions were made," (heretofore described)
" and from my observations," (General Hooker being on a good point to
see the whole field of battle) " anticipating no important sequence from
the attack to the touth cf the pike, it was resolved to move to the assault
at once, which was commenced with throwing forward a heavy body of
skirmishers along my whole line, and directions were given for Meade
and Hatch to support them with their divisions. Meade moved forward
with great vigor, and scon became engaged, driving everything before
him ; every step of his advance was resisted stubbornly by a numerous
enemy, and, besides, he had great natural obstacles to overcome, which
impeded his advance but did not check it. From its great elevation and
the dense smoke which rose over the top of the forest, the progress of
the battle on this part of the field was watched with anxious interest
for miles around, and while it elicited the applause of the spectators,
they could not fail to admire the steadintss, resolution and courage of
the brave officers and men engaged." (Hooker evidently regrets his
remarks about this division on the Peninsula). '' Ar tliis moment
word was received that the enemy were attempting to turn Meade's
right, when Duryea's Brigade of Ricketts' Division was dispatched to
thwart it, and reached there in good time to render substantial aid in
this, and also to assist their comrades in crowning the summit with our
arms. This was taken possession of in fine style between sundown and
dark, * * * the battle was won. From liere we threatened the
retreat of the rebels posted between the main ridge and the spur of the
mountain, while it commanded the pike on both sides of the mountain.
On reaching the summit, Meade was ordered to hold it until further
orders."

119

McClellaa's report of same action says : "General Meade speaks
tighly of General Seymour's skiJ iu handling his brigade on the right.
* " * While General Meade was gallantly driving the enemy on the
right, General Hatch's Division was engaged in a severe contest for the
possession of the crest on the loft of the ravine. It moved up t!ie moun-
tain in the following order : two regiments of Patrick's Brigade, dei)loyed
as skirmishers, Avith his other two regiments in support. Colonel Phelp's
Brigade in line of battalions in mass, and General Doubk day's Brigade
in same order in rear ; the Twenty-first New York (as skirmishers) hav-
ing gone straight up instead of around the slope, the Second New York,
as skirmishers, were sent in its j)lace." These three brigades, afterwards
reiuforced by Colonel Christian's Brigade of Ricketts' Division,
advanced well up tJie hill, under severe fire. Finally Hartsuff's Brigade
came up to fill an interval between Hatch's Division and Meade's, and
then the whole line held their position near the crest all night.

Late in the afternoon General Gibbon with his brigade and one sec-
tion of Gibbon's battery (B. 4, U. S.) was ordered to move up the main
road on the enemy's cen' re. He advanced a regiment on each side of
the road, preceded by skirmishers and followed by his other two regi-
ments in double column, the artillery in the road. Gibbon advanced
near to the crest under heavy fire, losing many men, but held his ground
until relieved by Gorman's Brigade. The Second and Twelfth Corps
reached their final positions sion after dark, Richardson's Division, near
Mt. Tabor Church, Twelfth Corps and Sedgwick's Division bivouacked
around Bolivar. Sykes' Division and the Artillery Reserve at Middle-
town, General Hatch was wounded in the last advance. At daylight
skirmishers were advanced, who found the enemy had retreated, leaving
Ms dead and severely wounded behind.

Cobb's, Semmes' and Mahone's brigades of McLaws' (Confederate)
Division held Crampton's Gap, whilst D, H. Hill's Division, consisting
of Garland's, Colquitt's, G. B. Anderson's and Ripley's brigades, and
Hosser'd command of cavalry and artillery, held Turner's Gap; this latter
appears to have been the force opposed to Burnside till about the time
of Hooker's attack on the right, when Longstreet's command had
arrived. D. R.Jones' division, consisting of brigadesof Pickett, Kemper,
Jenkins and Evans, were in Hooker's front. Hood's Division, consist-
of his own, Whiting's, Dayton's and D. R. Jones' (own) brigades were
on Confederate right, opposite to Burnside's command.

General Lee says: "The battle continued with great animation

120

until night. On the south of the turnpike the enemy was driven back
some distance, and his attack on the centre repulsed with loss. His
grtat superiority iu numbers enabled him to extend beyond both our
flanks. By this means he succeeded in reaching the summit of the
mountain beyond our left, and, pressing upon us heavily from that
direction, gradually forced our troops back after an obstinante resist-
ance. Darkness put an end to the contest." Lee furtlier says in his
report : " It was determined to retire to Sharpsburgh, where we would
be upon the flank of the enemy should he move against McLaws, and
where we would more readily unite with the rest of the army." Lee
further says: " The attack oa the garrison (Harper's Ferry) began at
dawn (15th) ; * * * in about two hours the garrison, consisting of
more than 11,000 men, surrendered. * * * Leaving General A. P.
Hill to receive the surrender of the Federal troops and secure captured
property, General Jackson, with his two other divisions, set out at once
for Sharpsburgh, ordering Generals McLaws and Walker to follow with-
out delay. Official information of the fall of Harper's Ferrj' and the
approach of Jackson were received soon after the co.-ximands of Long-
street and D. H. Hill reached Sharpsburgh on the morning of the 15th ;
General Jackson arrived early on the 16th, and General Walker came
up in the afternoon.

The presence of the enemy in Crampton's Gap embarrassed the
movements of General McLaws. He retained the position taken dur-
ing the night of the 14th to oppose an advance towards Harper's Ferry
until the capitulation of that place, when, finding the enemy indis-
posed to at'ack, he gradually withdrew his command toward the
Potomac. Deeming the roads to Sharpsbui-gh on the north side
impracticable, he resolved to cross at Harper's Ferry and march by way
of Shepherdstown, his j^rogress was slow, and he did not reach the
battlefield at Sharpsburgh until some time after the engagement of the
17th began.

The CO I mands of Longstreet and D. H. Hill, on their arrival at
Sharpsburgh, were placed in position along the range of hills between
the town and the Antietam, nearly parallel to the course of that stream,
Longstreet on the right of tlxe road to Boonesboroui'jh, an 1 Hill on the
left. The advance of the enemy was delayed by Fitz Lee's cavalry,
and he did not appear on the opposite fide of the Antietam until 2 p.m.
During the afternoon the batteries on either side were slightly engaged."
It is said that " General McClellan expected to renew tlie battle" (of

121

South Mountain) "in the morning, and hence during the night moved up
all his forces within easy supporting distance. The enemy, however^
rapidly and quickly withdrew under cover of the night and retreated
across Antietam Creek in the direction of Sharpsburgh. When the
skirmishers advanced cautiously through the mist and gray dawn of the
morning, they discovered that the enemy had fled. The heavy fog
which had enveloped the mountain, and lay in impenetrable clouds
upon the valley, screened the movements of the enemy and delayed a
vigorous pursuit until after the middle of the afternoon." Fog and
mist, not Filz Lee's cavalry, delayed the Uaion advance.

The cavalry under Pleasanton, and three corps under Sumner,
Hooker and Mansfiexd pursued the enemy by ths National Turnpike in
direction of Booaesborough, the corps of Burnside and Sykes'
Division by the old Sharpsburgh Road. General Franklin was to move
into Pleasant Valley and endeavor to relieve Harpers' Ferry, The ces-
sation of firing at that post indicated it had fallen. McClellan had not
been given command of Harper's Ferry till all communication with that
post had been cut off.

Pleasanton's cavalry charged Fitz Lee's cavalry at Boonesborough
and captured 2d0 prisoners and two guns. Richardson's Division of
Second Corps and Sjkes' Div.sion pushed on through Keedysville and
found the enemy in force on the heights on west side of Antietam
Creek, his batteries overlooking our approach. This creek was deep
and crossed only at distant points by bridges. The army was gotten up
during the night and morning of 16th. Reconnaissances showed Lee's
army in position awaiting attack. This position extended from the
heights near the Potomac to the left of Sharpsburgh, running around in
a semi-circle in front of that town. General Hjoker with h"s (First)
Corps was ordered to cross Antietam Creek to the Union right, to be sup-
ported by t!ie Twelftli and Second Corps ; Hooker's Corps crossed the
creek about 3 p.m. on the IGtli ; the Twelfth Corps crossed the creek dtu--
ing the night of the 16th.

McClellan says : " His plan for the impending engagement was to
attack the enemy's left with the corps of Hooker and Mansfield, sup-
ported by Sumner's, and, if necessary, by Franklin's, and as soon as
matters looked favorable there, to move the corps of Burnside against
the enemy's extreme right, upon the ridge running to the south and
rear of Sharpsburgh, and having carried that position, to press alo:igtIie
crest toward our right, and whenever either of these flank movements

123

should be successful, to advance our centre with all the forces then dis-
posable. * * * On reaching the vicinity of the enemy's left, a sharp
contest commenced with the Pennsylvania Reserves, the advance of
Hookers Corps, near the house of D. Miller. The enemy was driven
from a strip of wojd^, where he was first met. The firing lasted until
dark, when General Hooker's Corps rested on their arms on ground won
froi:i the enemy. * * * A.t daylight on the 17th the action was com-
menced by the skirmishers of the Pennsylvania Reserves."

General Meade says in his report : " The division left the mountain
gap on the morning of the 15th and marched beyond Keedysville,
bivouacking in the forks of the little and big Antietam. On the
afternoon of the 16th, about 2 o'clock, the division constituting the
advance of Hooker's Corps moved * * * on tlie road to Williams-
port, when, after crossing the bridge over the main Antietam, the head
of the column was moved to the left across the country, advancing on
wliat was understood to be the enemy s left flank. Soon after leaving
the road the cavalry * * * reported having been fired upon, when
* * * the regiment of rifles was advanced as skirmishers to a piece
of woods on our left, and four companies of the Third Regiment were
deploye 1 as skirmishers and sent into a piece of woods on our right.

The main column, formed of battalions in mass, division front, with
the artillery, moved over the ground towards a high ridge in front.
The Bucktail skirmishers findlDg the enemy. General Seymour with his
brigad'i was directed to advance to their support. This was promptly
done, and soon Seymour was closely engaged with the enemy's infantry
and artillery, Coopers battery being posted by Seymour to reply to the
enemy's artillery.

In the meantime I had gained the crest with the head of the column,
and entered a piece of woods, which proved to be in its direction per-
pendicular to tlie line along which Seymour had advanced. On entering
these woods the enemy's battery could be plainly seen in a cornfield
playing on Seymour's column in the front, the inasses of his infantry
deployed around the battery. The fact that only one regiment, the head
of our column, was depl yel, deterred me from endeavoring to capture
the battery by a charge. Ordered up Ransom's battery and caused the
enemy to withdraw his guns to an eminence in the rear, from whence ho
commenced shelling the woods we occupied, and the ridge immediately
l>ehind it.

In the meantime, Magiltoa's and Ander.son's brigades came up and

123

•were deployed ia liii^i of battle to support Ratjsom's battery. After
-driving: the enemy from the woods, Seymour held his own, and d irkaess
intervening the contest closed for the night. Seymour holding tiie
woods immeJiately in front of the enemy and Anderson and Magiltou
the woods on their flank, Ransom was withdrawn to the rear ; Cooper
remained in the position occupied in the commencement of the action ;
and Simpson's battery of howitzers, which had been jwsted on the ridge
to the rear, replying to the enemy's battery in its second position, also
remained there.

Dm-iug the night the enemy made two attacks on Seymour's pickets,
in both of which he was repulsed with, it is beleived, severe loss. At
early daylight on the 17th, the contest was warmly renewed by Seymour,
the enemy atracking him with vigor. The general commanding the
<;orp3 had sent Ricketts' Division to Seymour's support, and had advanced
Doubleday's Division along the woods occupied by Magilton's aud
Anderson's Brigades. These brigades were formed ia columns of battal-
ions in mass, and moved forward in rear of Doubleday. Seymour and
Ricketts advancing through one piece of woods and Doubleday on their
right advancing along the Hagerstown Pike, left an open space between
them, in which was a ploughed field and an orchard ; beyond this was a
corn field, the possession of which the enemy warmly disputed. Ran-
som's battery was advanced into the open ground between the two
advancing columns and played with great effect on the enemy's infantry
and batteries.

The brigades of Anderson and Magilton, on reaching the corn field,
were moved in a ravine extending up to the pike. Soon after forming,
I saw the enemy were driving our men from the corn field; I immediately
deployed both brigades, and formed line of battle along the fence bor-
dering the corn field, for the purpose of covering the withdrawal of our
people and resisting the further advance of the enemy. Just as this
line of battle was formed, I received an order of the general command-
ing the corps to detach a brigade to reinforce our troops in the woods
on the left; I directed Magilton's Brigade to move in that direction,
which order was promptly executed, notwithstanding the brigade, mov-
ing by the flank, was subjected to a warm fire from the corn field.
Anderson's Brigade still held the fence on the right, but the gap made
by the withdrawal of Magflton's Brigade was soon filled by the enemy,
whose infantry advanced boldly through the corn field to the woods;
seeing this,, I rode up to Ransom's battery aud directed his guns on their

124

advancing columns, which fire, together with the arrival of Magilton's
Brigade, in connection with Seymour an 1 Ricketts, drove the enemy
back, who as they retreated were enfiladed by Anderson, who eventually
gained the crest of the ridge in the corn field.

At this time, about 10 A. m. , my division had been engaged about
five hours, and their ammunition was being exhausted ; I, therefore,
welcomed the arrival of Bank's Corps, the left column of which, com-
manded by the gallant Mansfield, moved up to our support in the woods
on the left, and a column under General Williams moved up to the
woods on the right of the turnpike. * * * The Tenth Regiment,
Lieutenant Colonel AVarner, was detached to the right of the road, was
put in action by General Gibbon aad did good service, * * * also
Cooper's and Simpson's batteries were early in the morning posted on
the crest of the ridge we occupied the evening previous, from whence
they had a command of the enemy's left flank, * * * doing good
service. * * * Between 11 and 12 M. Mansfield's and Sumner's
corps arrived. * * *

General Hooker being wounded, I was directed to take command of
the corps. I directed the various divisions to be withdrawn as soon as
they were relieved and to be assembled and reorganized on the ridge in
our rear.

By 2 P. M. the Pennsylvania Reserve Division, commanded by
General Seymour, was organized on tliis ridge, supplied with ammuni-
tion and held in readiness to repel an attack of the enemy should he
attempt one on our right flank, or assist in any advance we might
make."'

The Twelfth Corps, General Mansfield commanding, was brought
up between 7 and 8 a. m. to assist the First Corps. The First Division
of Twelfth Corps, General Williams commanding, was deployed to the
right, its right resting on the Hagerstown Pike ; the Second Division,
General Greene, on the left, extending as far as the burnt building to the
northeast of the white church on the pike. During the deployment of the
corps General Mansfield was killed. The attack of this (Twelfth) Corps
was begun by Knaps, Pa. Co' brans N. Y. and Hamptons Pa. batteries.
The attack of tliis corps continued about two hours, the enemy working
around west of the pike, when the Second Corps (General Sumner com-
manding the right wing after the wounding of General Hooker) came
up, Sedgwick's Division leading, and coming on to the p:round held by
the Twelfth Corps. Sedgwick's Division advanced to the west of the

125

pike, but being attacked in the front and on left flank by the enemy it
was forced back, General Sedgwick and about the same time General
Hooker, being wounded, about 11 a. M.

Batteries were now (General Sumner commanding) collected to stop
the enemy's advance upon Sedgwick's repulse, and the Union attack
practically ceased on the right. General French's Divison of Second
Corps came in more to tlie left near Union centre, near to the houses
on Roulette's farm. The enemy counter-charged several times ; the
fighting here was alternately in favor of one and then of the other.
General French captured several hundred prisoners and several flags.
The Confederates considered this the critical point of the day ; they had
concentrated so much to their left, this part of their line was weak.

Richardson's Division came in still farther to the left ; Meagher's
Brigade getting up to Roulette's house, it was relieved by Caldwell's
Brigade, near the crest overlooking Piper's house. Colonel Barlow, with
Sixty-First and Sixty-Fourth New York flanked a part of the enemy's
force in a sunken road and took prisoners and colors. Also Colonel
Cross, with Fifth New Hampshire and Eighty-First Pennsylvania, per-
formed a brilliant and gallant feat in counter-charging. Piper's house
was ultimately gained.

A section of Robertson's battery under Lieutenant Vincent and
Graham's Battery, First U. S., assisted- to hold the position. General
Richardson was killed and General Hancock came into command of the
division. This part of the Union line was held by assistance of batteries
from the cavalry and artillery reserve. About 1 P. M. Franklin's Corps
came up on the right; its arrival was timely, as the enemy were begin-
ning a return attack all along the left. Franklin was about to attack
the position near Dunker Church when General Sumner ordered a post-
ponement. Porter's Fifth Corps held the centre of the main line of
battle, being posted on the left (east) bank of Antietam Creek. He sent
during the day portions of his force to assistance of Richardson and
Burnside.

Burnside with his corps and the Kanahwa Division was about 8 a. m.
ordered to carry the stone bridge and cross the Antietam. Crooks
Brigade of the Kanahwa Division was sent first, but not knowing the
location of the bridge, struck the stream above it ; the first attempt to
carry the bridge was unsuccessful and Colonel Kingsbury, a most prom-
ising yoimg officer, was killed. Later in the day the Fifty-First New
York and Fifty-First Pennsylvania, being supported by troops above and

136

below the bridge, carried it. The enemy holding the bridge, learning-
that his flanks were threatened by Crook above and by Rodman's Divi-
sion below the bridge, retreated to the heights on his side of the stream.
After crossing their command Burnside and Cox (both appear to
have commanded the same troops) were slow in forming for attack, but
their troops wlen ordered to advance, about 3.30 P. M., advanced most
gallantly to the first crest; here being reformed and reinforced, the
entire command pushed on to the edge of Sharpsburgh. Just as Burn-
side's command was entering Sharpsburgh (Burnside had moved up
Rodman's Division from his left to the front, leaving his left uncov-
ered), A. P. Hill's Division arrived upon the field coming from Harper's
Ferry. Hill's command at once attacked the Union left and left rear
and forced the whole line back to the crest near the Antietam. Both
sides now being completely exhausted the battle ceased.

It was the hardest and best fought battle by both sides, of the war.
McClellan had 87,000 men for duty, probably 70,000 la the action. Lee
claimed he had only 40,000 muskets, but he held a chosen position with
ample time to prepare it; this advantage with modern arms, fully coun-
terbiilanced McClellau's superior numbers. Moreover, McCle.lan had
to retain one-fourth of his command practically idle to liold the connec-
tion between his widely separated wings. McCIellan's attack on his
right was too much by piecemeal, and made without sufficient artillery.
Tht se were faults too common throughout the war. OrAy at Gettysburg
was artillery used properly on both sides. The attack on the left was
badly managed; was especially too slow after it was begun.

General Lee of this campaign in his report says : ' ' The war was
thus (by Pope's campaign) transferred from the interior to the frontier,
and the supplies of rich and productive districts made accessible to our
armj. To prolong a state of affairs in every way desirable, and not to
permit the season of active operations to pass without endeavoring to
inflict further injury on the enemy. (* * * It was hoped military
success might afl"ord us an opportunity to aid the citizens of Maryland
in any efforts they migiit be disposed to make to recover their liberties.)
* * * The army, though not equipped for invasion, was transferred
into Maryland.

It liatl been supposed that the advance upon Frederickstown would
have led to the evacuation of Martinsburg and Harper's Ferry, thus
open'ng the line of communication throurh the valley. This not having
occurred. General Jackson was directed lo proceed with liis command

to Martinsburg, and pfter driving the enemy from that place, to move
down the south side of the Potomac to Harper's Ferry. McLaws, with
his own and R. H. Anderson's Division, was ordered to seize Maryland
Heights, on the north side of the Potomac opposite Harper's Ferry, and
General Walker to take possession of Loudon Heights, east of the' She-
nandoah. These commands, after reducing Harper's Ferry and clearing
the valley of tlie enemy, were to join the rest of the army ar, Boonesboro
or Hagerstown. The march of the troops began on 10th; remainder
of Longstreet's command and D. H. Hill's Division crossed South
Mountain and moved towards Boonesboro. General Stuart remained
east of the mountains to watch the enemy and to retard his advance.
Longstreet went to Hagerstown and D. H. Hill tc^ Boonesboro. * » *
It had not been intended to oppose passage of the Federal army through
South Mountain. General Jackson crossed tlie Potomac near Williams-
port on 11th; sent A. P. Hill to Martinsburg. Martinsburg was
evacuated on the 11th, troops (Federal) going to Harper's Ferry. Gen-
eral Walker took possession of Loudon Heights on 13th. McLaws
encountered more opposition, but carried Maryland Heights at 4.30
on 13th; Harpers Ferry was fully invested on 14th and surrendered
at 8 A. M. on 15tli. Hearing of McClellan's advance, the troops were
returned as before described to South Mountain.

Longstreet was posted^' (at Sharpsburg) " on the right of the road to-
Boonesboro, and D. H. Hill on the left. Hood's two brigades were
transferred from the right on 16th to left, between D. If. Hill and
Hagerstown Road, in anticipation of a movement against Cv.nfeder-
ate left. Jackson was posted on Hood's left, his right on Hagerstown
Road, left toward the Potomac, with Stuarts cavalry on his left. Gen-
eral Walker with his two brigades was posted on Longstreet's right. At
10 P. M. (16th) Hood's troops were relieved by Lawton's and Trimble's,
brigades of Ewell's Division : Jackson's own division on Lawton's left,
supported by remaining brigades of Ewell's Division.

At early dawn (ITtli) artillery opened. * * * Under cover of
their fire Union troops attacked Jackson ; * * * f^^ several hours
the conflict raged with great fury and alternate success. * « * Gen-
eral Starke was killed, General Lawton w^ounded. * * * Qut

ti-oops slowly yielded to overwhelming numbers and fell back. * * ♦
Hood returned to the Held and relieved the brigades of Trimble Law-
ton and Hays. * * * General Early, who succeeded to (he command
of Ewell's Division, was ordered to move with his brigade to take the

128

place of Jackson's Division withdrawn, a part of the latter remaining
with Early, also portions of Trimble's, I^awton's and Hays' brigades.
Hood was reinforced by brigades of Ripley, Colquitt and Garland of
D. H. Hill's Division, and afterwards by D. U. Jones' Brigade. * * *

The desperate rtsistance they (the enemy) encountered delayed
their progress until the troops of McLaws arrived, and those of General
Walker were brought from the right. * * * Hood's Brigade was
relieved by Walker's command, who immediately attacked and drove
the enemy back. * * * Colonel Manny, commanding Walker's
Brigade, pursued until he was stopped by a strong fence, behind which
were posted a large force of infantry" (Third Brigade of Reserves-)
■" and several batteries ; Colonel Manny was wounded and his command
fell back. * * * Upon the arrival of reinforcement<^ under
McLaws, General Early attacked ; McLaws advanced at the same time,
-* * * beyond the position occupied at the beginning of the engage-
ment. The attack on the left was speedily followed by one in the
•centre ; this was met by part of Walker's Division and brigades of G. B.
Anderson and Rodes, of D. H. Hill's command, assisted by artillery.
General R. H. Anderson's Division came to General D. H. IZiU's sup-
port.* * * * At this time, by a mistake of orders, Rodes' Brigade was
withdrawn ; * * * the enemy pressed through this gap and G. B.
Anderson's Brigade was broken and retired ; General G. B. Anderson
was killed, Major-General R. H. Anderson and General Wright
wounded. * * * While the attack on the centre and left was in
progress the enemy made repeated efforts to force the passage of the
bridge over the Antietam defended by Second and Twentieth Georgia
and General D. R. Jones' batteries ; General Jones had about 2,000 men ;
* * * he was reinforced by General A. P. Hill's command , it having
left Harper's Ferry at 7.30 A. M."

The Reserve Division, already reduced by losses in battle on the
Peninsula and in Pope's campaign, and by absentees with and without
authority, went into the South Mountain and Antietam battles much
reduced in numbers. The losses in these two last battles being so veiy
heavy, the division, as it came out of them, was not larger than a brig-
ade. Regiments were commanded by captains and companies by non-
commissioned officers. Governor Curtin, September 30th, wrote to
President Lincoln requesting that the division might be sent to tlie State
to be recrui'ed. This was refused, as it was hoped by the authorities
that the Army of the Potomac would make another advance toward

129

llichmond before the bad weather set ia. This was not accom-
plished as the army did not begin to move till October 26th on
whicli day, Sunday, in a severe rain storm, the division broke camp
near Sharpsburg, marched southeasterly and encamped at night in
Pleasant Valley, at the base of South Mountain. The division, General
.leade commanding, crossed the Potomac at Berlin October 30th and
marched beyond LovettsviUe and remained here until November 1st The
mam army advanced along the east side of the mountains till it reached
Warrenton. The Reserve Division passed through Waterford, PennviUe
UmonandMiddleburg, and encamped south of Warrenton November
6th; General McClellan was relieved of command of the Army of the
Potomac November 7th, and General Burnside immediately assumed
command.

That McClellan ought to have advanced against the Confederate
army sooner than he did is not now doubted, although his demands for
necessary horses, shoes and other supplies were not promptly supplied

l(et It was a great military error to relieve McClellan at the time
ne was relieved.

THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
When McClellan was relieved the Army of the Potomac was located
about as follows: The First, Second and Fifth Corps, Reserve artillery and
army headquarters were at Warrenton, the Ninth Corps on the Rappahan-
nock, at Waterloo; Sixth Corps at New Baltimore; Eleventh Corps at
Gamesvzlle and Thoroughfare Gap; Sickles' Division of Third Corps on
Orange and Alexandria Railroad; Pleasonton, with his cavalry opposite
Longstreet, who was at Culpeper; Bayard's cavalry near Rappahan-
nock Station. The Confederate GeneralJackson, with about half the '
Confederate army, was west of the mountains. General Seymour was
relieved about this time, and General Jackson retm-ned to duty. Colo-
nel Sinclair, of the Sixth, commanded the First Brigade. Colonel Magil-
ton the Second, and General Jackson the Third. The One Hundred and
Twenty First Pennsylvania was attached to the First Brigade, and One
Hundred and Forty-Secmd Pennsylvania to the Second. Tlie Twelfth
Regiment was commanded by Captain Gustin.

Burnside's plan of campaign, as approved by General Halleck, carried
the army to Falmouth, where it was rapidly marched, arriving between
the 18th and 21st. Thepontoon bridges to cross the Rappahannock River '
havmgbeen delayed the Confederate army concentrated at Fredericks-

130

burg before the Union army could be crossed. General Burnside formed
the Army of the Potomac, which at this time was very strong, into three
grand divisions : The Right Grand Division consisting of the Second and
Ninth Coriis, under General Sumner ; the centre, of the Third and Fifth
Corps under General Hooker ; the left, of the First and Sixth Corps,
under General Franklin. The Eleventh Corps under General Sigel was
held as a reserve.

The army was ordered to cross the Rappahannock, on the 10th; Frank-
lin's Grand Division crossed without opposition on the 11th and 13th.
The Reserves, commanded by General Meade, constituted a division of
the First Corps, which was commanded by General Reynolds. The centre
and right of the army were opposed by sharpshooters, and only after
pontoon boats filled with infantry , at the suggestion of General Hunt,
Chief of Artillery, had crossed and driven off the enemy's skirmishers,
were the engineers able to place bridges for the centre and right. The
First Corps, with the Reserve Division on the left of the corps, was on
the extreme left of the army, the Sixth Corps supported the First. The
evening of the 11th, Howard's Divibion of Second Corps occupied the
town of Fredericksburg, the balance of the Second Corps and the Ninth
Corps crossed during the night and next morning. Hooker's Grand
Division followed Sumner's.

Lor.gstreet"s Confederate Corps held the heights on Lee's left, D, H.
Hill's Division the right centre and Jackson's Corps the right. Jackson
had been watching the lower Rappahannock.

It would apptar that Burnside's original plan of attack was for
Franklin to commence the attack on the Union left with his whole
force and endeavor to turn Lee's right, and while this was being done,
the Union right to a<tack in force Lee's left. But the order of attack as
acted upon, both by Franklin and Sumner, was to attack with one divi-
sion and to follow this attack up, Franklin *' to keep his main command
in readines for a rapid movement along the dd Richmond Road." The
attack was made on the left 1 y the Reserve Division, supported by
Gibbon's Division on its right and by Doubleday's Division first in reserve
and afterwards on its left.

General Meade describes the Reserves' attack as follows: "First
Brigade, Colonel Sinclair commanding, Sixth, First Rifles, Fii-st and
Second Regiments of Reserves, One Hundred and Twenty-first Pennsyl-
vania ; Second Brigade, Colonel Magilton, of Fourth, commanding.
Third. Fuurih, Seventh and Eighth Reserves and One Hundred aind

131

Forty-Seoond Pennsylvania ; Third Brigade, General Jackson command-
ing, Fifth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Regiments Pennsylvania
Reserves. Attached to this division were four batteries of four guns
each, commanded by Captain Ransom, Third United States, and Lieu-
tenant T. G. Simpson, Captain Cooper, and Captain Amsden of First
Pennsylvania Artillery.

On the 11th instant the division moved from the camp near White
Oak Church to the vicinity of the point on the Rappahannock River
selected for the crossing of the Left Grand Division. The previous
evening Captain Amsden's battery of rifled guns liad been detached
and ordered to report to Captain DeRussy, U. S. A., for service on the
river bank. General Jackson's Brigade, together with Ransom's and
Simpson's batteries, were also detached and sent down diiring the night
of the 10th, and posted on the river bank to protect the crossing, which
duty was successfully accomplished without loss, although there was
considerable firing between our sharpshooters and those of the enemy
posted on the opposite bank.

The bridges being completed, the division crossed the river on the
morning of the 12th, and was posted on the plateau, on the left of the
Hue of battle formed by the Left Grand Division. The following was
the formation of the division : The First Brigade in line of battle, irs left
resting on the river bank, and the line extending in a northwesterly
direction, along and in rear of the ravine at Smithfield, the right
connecting with the left of Gibbon's Division. Two regiments of this
bri-ade, tbo i'irst Rifles and Second Infantry were detached, the former
for picliet duty, the latter to occupy the bmldings and outhouses at Smi h-
field, and to hold the bridge across the ravine at its debouche into the
river. The batteries were posted in front of the First Brigade, on the
edge of the ravme, where they had complete command of the front and
of the approach by the Bowling Green Read.

The Second Brigade was formed in line of battle three hundred
paces in rear of the first and parallel to it ; and the Third Brigade along
the river bank in column of regiments, the head of the column being one
hundred paces in rear of the left of the Second Brigade. This position
was occupied by 3 p. m. without any serious opposition from the enemy,
but with occasional skirmishes with the pickets in front.

Early on the morning of the 13th I accompanied the general com-
manding the corps to the headquarters of the Left Grand Division, whore
the Commanding General indicated the point he was instructed to

132

attack ; and I was informed that my division had been selected to make
the attack. The point indicated was on the ridge, or rather range of
heights, extending from the Rappahannock in rear of Fredericksburg,
to the Massaponax, and was situated near tlie left of this ridge, where
it terminated in the Massaponax Valley.

Between the heights to be attacked and the plateau on which the
Left Grand Division was posted, there was a depression or hollow of
several hundred yards in width, through which, and close to the foot of
the heights, the Richmond Railroad ran. The heights along the east
were wooded. The slope to the railroad from the extreme left, for the
space of three or four hundred yards, was clear. Beyond this it was
wooded, the woods extending across the hollows and in front of the
railroad. The plateau on our side was level and cultivated ground up
to the crest of the hollow, where there was quite a fall to the railroad.
The enemy occupied the wooded heights, the line of the railroad and
the woods in front. Owing to the woods, nothing could be seen of
them, while all our movements on the cleared ground were exposed to
their view.

Immediately on receiving orders, the division was moved forward,
across the Smilhfield ravine, advancing down the river some seven or
eight hundred yards, when it turned sliai'p to the right and crossed the
Bowling Green Road, which here runs in a parallel direction with the
railroad. Some time was consumed in removing the hedge fences on
this road and bridging the the drains on each side for the passage of
artillery. Between 9 and 10 a. m. the column of attack was formed as
follows : The First Brigade in line of battle on the crest of the hollow
and facing the railroad, with the Sixth Regiment deployed as skir-
mishers ; the Second Brigade in rear of the First three hundred paces ;
the Third Brigade by the flank, its right flank being a few yards to the
rear of the First Brigade, having the Ninth Regiment deployed on its
flank as skirmishers and flankers ; the batteries between the First and
Second brigades.

This disposition had scarcely been made when the enemy opened a
brisk fire from a battery posted on the Bowling Green Road, tlie shot
from which took the command from the left to rear. Apprehending an
attack from that quarter, the Third Brigade was faced to the left (thus
forming with the First two sides of a square). Simpson's battery was
advanced to the front and left of the Third Brigade, and Cooper's and
Ransom's batteries moved to a knoll on the left of the First Brigade.

133

These batteriesimmediately opened fire on the enemy's hatt/^ry and in
conjunction with some of Doubledays batteries in our rear, on the other
side of Bowling Green Road, after some tv^enty minutes firing, silenced
and compelled the withdrawal of the guns.

During the artillery duel the enemy advanced a body of sharp-
shooters along the Bowling Green Road and under cover of the hedges
and trees at the road side. General Jackson promptly sent out two
companies of marksmen from his brigade, who drove the enemy back
No further demonstration on our left and rear being made, the advance
wasagam determined on. Previous to pushing forward the infanti-v
the batteries were directed to shell the heights and the woods in front'
For this purpose, and to protect our lines in case of fallmg back
Ransom's battery was moved to the right and front of the First Brigade
and Amsden's battery, which had just rejoined from detached duty
was posted on tlie right of Cooper.

During tliis operation, by order of the general commanding the
First Corps, the Third Brigade, changed front and formed in line of
battle on the left of the First Brigade, its left extending so as to be
nearly opposite to the end of the ridge to be attacked. The formation
was barely executed before the enemy opened a sharp fire from a
battery posted on the heights to our extreme left. Cooper's, Amsden's
and Riinsom's batteries were immediately turned on it, and after about
thirty minutes rapid fire the enemy abandoned his guns, having had
two of his limbers or caissons blown up, the explosions from which
were plainly visible. As soon as the enemy's guns were silenced the
line of infantry was advanced to the attack. The First Bri^^ade to the
right advanced several hundred yards over cleared ground, drivmg the
enemy's skirmishers before them, till they reached the woods previously
described as being in front of the railroad, which they entered driving
the enemy out of them to the railroad, where they were found strongly
posted in ditches and behind temporary defences.

The brigade (First) drove tliem from there and up the heights in
their front. Owing to a heavy fire being received on their ri-^ht"flank
they obUqued over to that side, but continued forcing the enemy back
till they had crowned the crest of the hill, crossed a main road which
runs along the crest and reached open ground on the other side where
they were assailed by a very severe fire from a large force in their front
and at the same time the enemy opened a battery which completely
enfiladed them from the right flank. After holding tlieir ground for

134

some time, axid no support arriving, they were compelled to fall back to
the railroad.

The Second Brigade, which advanced in rear of the First, after
reaching the railroad, had so severe a fire on then- right flank that the
Fourth Regiment halted and formed, faced to the right, to repel this
attack. The other regiments in passing through the vi^oods, being
assaded from the left, inclined to that direction and ascended the heights,
the Thh-d going up as the One Hundred and Twenty-First Peimsylvania,
of the Frst Brigade, was retiring. The Third continued to advance and
read ed nearly the same point as the First Brigade, but was compelled
to withdraw for the same reason. The Seventh Regiment engaged the
enemy to the left, capturing many prisoners and a standard, driving
them from their rifle pits and temporary defences, and continuing the
pursuit till, encountering the enemy's reinforcements, they were in turn
driven back. The Third Brigade had net advanced over one hundred
yards when the battery on the height on its left was re-manned, and
poured a destructive fire into its ranks.

Perceiving this, I dispatched my aide-de-camp. Lieutenant Dehon,
with orders for General Jackson to move by the right flank till he could
clear the open ground in front of the battery and then, ascending the
heights through the woods, sweep around to the left and take the bat-
tery. Unfortunately, Lieutenant Dehon fell iiist as he reached General
Jackson, and a short time after the latter ofiicer was killed. The regi-
ments did, however, partially execute the movement by obliquing to the
right, and advanced across the railroad, a portion ascending the heights
in the front. The loss of their commander and the severity of the fire,
from both artillery and infantry, to which they were subjected, com-
pelled them to withdraw when those on their right withdrew.

It will be seen from the foregoing tliat the attack was for a time j)er-
fectly successful. The enemy Avas driven from the railroad, his rifle pits
and breastworks for over have a mile, over two hundred prisoners were
taken and several standards, when the advanced line encountered the
heavy reinforcements of the enemy, who, recovering from the effects of
our assault, and perceiving both our flanks unprotected, poured in such
a destructive fire from all directions as to compel the line to fall back,
which was conducted without confusion.

Perceiving the danger of too great penetration of my line witliout
support, I dispatched several staff oflicers both to General Gibbon's
command and to General Birney's (whose division had replaced mine at

135

the batteries from whence we advanced), urging au advance to my sup-
port, the cue on my right, the other to tha left. A brigade of Birney's
advanced to our relief, just as my men were withdrawn from the woods,
and (Jibbon's Division advanced into tlie woods on our right in time to
assist materially in the safe withdrawal of my broken line. An unsuc-
cessful effort was made to reform the division in tlie hollow in front of
the^batteries. Failing in this, the command was reformed beyond the
Bowling Green Road and marched to the ground occupied the nigh.t
before, where it was held in reserve till the night of the 15th, wheti we
recrossed the river.

Accompanying this report is a list giving the names of the killed,
wounded and missing, amounting in the aggregate to 1,760. When I
report that 4,500 men is a liberal estimate of the strength of the division
taken into action " (this includes two new regiments, One Hundred and
Twenty-First and One Hundred and Forty-Second Pennsylvania, say
1,000) "this large los^ being nearly 40 per cent, will fully bear rne
out in tlie expression of my satisfaction at the go )d conduct of both
officers and men. While I deeply regi-et the inabCity of the division,
after having successfully penetrated the enemy's line, to remain and
hold what it had secured, at the same time I deem their witlidrawal a
matter of necessity. With one brigade commander killed, another
wounded, nearly half their number hors de combat, with regiments
separated from Irigades, and companies from regiments, and all the
confusion and disaster incidental to the advance of an extended line
through woods and other obstructions, assailed by a heavy fire, not
only of infantry, but of artillery, not only in front but on both flanks,
the best troops would be justified in withdrawing without loss of honor.
* * * My thanks are due to Colonel Sinclair, of Sixth Regiment, and
Colonel MagUton, of Fourth, for the manner in which they handled tlieir
commands. To Colonel Sinclair particularly, who had command of the
advance during the whole day, and who was severely wounded, I desire
to express my obligation for the assistance rendered me.

* * * The loss of Lieutenant Arthur Dehon, Twelfth Regiment,
my aide, is greatly to be deplored. * * * The public service has rdso
to mourn the loss of Brigadier-General Jackson, an officer of merit and
reputation, who owed liis position to his gallantry and good conduct in
previous actions. * * * "

Swinton in his history of the Army of the Potomac says : " Meade
advanced across the plain, but had not proceeded far before he was

136

compelled to stop and silence a battery that Stuart had posted on the
Port Royal Road, and which had a flank fire on his left. This done he
pushed on, his line preceded by a cloud of skirmishers and his batteries
A'igorously shelling the heights and woods in his front. This caused con-
siderable loss to nill, who held Jackson's line; but the Confederates con-
cealed in the woods made no reply from artillery or infantry until Mead&
reached within point blank rangp, when, suddenly opening, shell and
canister were poured in from the long silent Confederate batteries. Yet
tliis did not stay him ; and the line advanced so boldly that the three
Confederate batteries, posted in advance of the railroad, had to be hastily
withdrawn. The division of A. P. Hill, which held Jackson's advance
line, was thus disposed : The brigades of Archer, Lane and Pender, from
right to left, with Gregg's in rear of the interval between Archer and
Lane, and Thomas' iarear of that, between Lane and Pender. Meade
pushed forward his line impetuously, drove back Lane through the
woods, and tlien wedged in between Lane and the brigade on his right,
swept back the right flank of the one and the left flank cf the other,
capturing above two hundred prisoners and several standards, crossed
the railroad, pushed up the crest and reached Gregg's position on a new
military road which Lee had made for the purpose of connecting his two-
wings," Meade met Gregg's Brigade at the military road, and while
contending with it Early's Division came up and attacked both his
flanks, compelling Meade by overwhelming numbers to retire. Swinton
farther says : " Gibbon advanced on the right of Meade, and though he
did not push on as far as the latter, he helped stem the hostile return,
and assisted iu the withdrawal of Meade's shattered line." Birney's
Division came up too Jate to assist the attack, but in time to render valu-
able assistance to Meade's and Gibbon's retiring troops.

" At the time the attack en the left was fully developed, Sumner, on
the right, was instructed to assail the height back of Fredericksburg.
He was ordered to make tlie attack with a single division, supported by
another. * * * Couch's Second Corps occupied the town. Wilcox's
Ninth Corps the interval between Couch and Franklin. * * *
Couch ordered forward French's Division from the town at noon, to be
followed and supported by Hancock's Division. French * * *
moved out on the plank and telegraph roads, and, crossing the canal,
found a ris? of ground, under cover of which he deployed his troops
* * * with brigade front, Kimble in front, Andrew's and Palmer's
(brigades) following. Hancock followed, in fame formation, with

137

Zook's, Meagher's and Caldwell's brigades." These divisions made a
gallant assault, but failed to reach Longstreet's line. Howard's Division ,
then Sturges' and Getty's attacked with same ill success. Finally,
Humphreys' Division assaulted against the advice of General Hooker,
and failed as had the other divisions, all with terrible losses.

"The losses in some of the commands," (says Mulholland, in his
account of this battle) " were unusually severe. The Eleventh Reserves
lost six color bearers inside of a few minutes, and Company ' E ' of that
regiment had but three men left unhurt. Company ' C ' Twelfth Regi-
ment lost forty of the forty-nine present, and among the wounded was
the Captain, H. S. Lucas." During the night of the 15th the army was
withdrawn and recrossed the Rappahannock.

This battle showed most conclusively the advantages of the defence
with modern weapons. Even a temporarily fortified position can
only be taken under favorable circumstances for the offence, such as
dense woods near enemy's position, fog, darkness and the like. Twelfth
Regiment lost in this action : Killed thirteen ; wounded, five officers and
sixty-six men ; missing two officers and thirty-one men ; total one
hundred and twenty-two, about one half (he number taken into
action. The losses in the Reserve Division had been so great in the
battle of Fredericksburg, it was necessary to reorganize it and fill it
up or to break it up. Its conduct had been so brilliant in this battle
even the Secretary of War could not but see it would be best to retain
the organization.

Colonel Hardin, of Twelfth, returned to the command the latter
part of December and was assigned to command of the Third Brigade,
but was not yet sufficiently recovered from wounds received at Second
Bull Run battle to remain in the wet and cold camp at Belle Plain. On
the 8th of January the Twelfth Regiment left BeUe Plain on transports
for Alexandria, arrived on 9th, camped near Fairfax Seminary two days,
from whence it was moved to Union Hill. The Reserves had been trans-
ferred to the Department of Washington to give them rest, but the
guerrilla, Mosby, was so active, the picket duty here became more ardu-
ous than it was with the Army of the Potomac, and altogether the duties
were no lighter nor the quarters any better than they were in the active
army. The command failed to obtam the rest it required, and conse-
quently the slightly wounded and sick absentees were ia no hurry to
rejoin their command. The object of retiring the division, that is,
giving the men rest and filling up the ranks, was not accomplished.

138

Many sick men who could be of no further service were discharged,
and many commissioned officers, whose wounds or other injuries ren-
dered them unfit for further service, were permitted to resign, or they
were transferred to the Invalid Corps. Some sick were returned to the
regiments.

Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey resigned February 15th, 1863, also Dr.
Taylor and Chaplain Miller resigned and Captain Horn of Company D,
who had been severely wounded on tlie Peninsula, was honoral)]y
discharged.

The 20th day of April, 1863, tlie Third Brigade, commanded by
Colonel Fisher, was ordered to the City of Washington to guard Confed-
erate prisoners and to do Provost duty. The Ninth and Twelfth Regi-
ments, both under command of Colonel Plardin, were assigned to Car-
roll Barracks on Capitol Hill, where details were made to guard prison-
ers and Government property.

CHAPTER XI.

GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN.

The Gettysburg campaign on the Union side began with the battle of
Beverly Ford, one of the results of which was the knowledge that Lee's
army was moving northwestward. This action "was the mrst import-
ant, as well as the most severe, the cavalry of the Army cf the Potomac
had fought. By it tlie Union cavalry not only developed General Lee's
plan of campaign, but also learned its equality with the Confederate
■cavalry.

As soon as General Hooker received certain information that Lee
had extended his army from Fredericksburg to the Shenandoah Valley,
he proposed to General Ilalleck to attack Lee's rear at Fredericksburg;
this movement was disapproved. General Hooker then gave orders
preparatory to meeting General Lee's army in its northwestward move-
ment.

There was some delay due to instructions from General Halleck,
but in a few days the Army of the Potomac moved between the Confed-
erate army and Washington, with the main body of its cavalry on its
left (west) flank. The cavalry covered the Union army most thor-
oughly. It never performed its duty toward that army in a more scien-
tific (military) manner. The fighting about Aldie, Upperville and Mid-
dleburg, Virginia, was admitted by the Confederates to have been the
best the Union cavalry had done, except at Beverly Ford. The cavalry
was supported by a small force of infantry, both at Beverly Ford and in
the actions near Middleburg. A German officer. Major Von Bo'cke
(who was with the Confederates), and others state that General Stuart's
Confederate cavalry was never more numerous (Von Borcke estimated
it at 12,000 and twenty-four guns) and never in better condition. Con-
sidering this, we can Ihe better appreciate the fine work done by the
Union cavalry on this advance northward. The Confederate cavalry
considerably outnumbered the Union up to the time that General
Stahl's Cavalry Division, from the defences of "Washington, joined the
army. The management of the cavalry, whilst en route to Gettysburg,
was only surpassed when it was led by the indomitable will and mar-
velous skill of General Sheridan.

140

The Army of the Potomac, moving slowly northwestward, crossed
the Potomac June 26 and 27. General Lee's main army had crossed
that river at or near Williamsport, Md., en 23d and 24th. When Gen-
eral Hooker reached the vicinity of Washington his army had been
much reduced by expirations of terms of service (Hooker said about
40,000). He now learned that there was a large number of troops
(about 37,000) in the defences of Washington. Inasmuch as the Union
army now covered Washington, he requested that some of these troops
be sent to reinforce his army. He was authorized to take Stahl's Cav-
alry Division and the Pennsylvania Reserve Division. He ordered the
latter division (June 24) to join his army.

When the Reserves heard that General Lee thre'itened to invade
Maryland and probably Pennsylvania, officers and men began to take on
the military air, which had been somewhat laid aside after Fredericks-
burg; and " talk'" of applying to rejoin their comrades of the Army of
the Potomac, on their march northward, became prevalent, and went
so far, in one case at least, as to be put in the form of a written petition.
Whatever the form, the feeling of the command, from drummer bey to
chaplain, was to take another turn at the "Johnnies," to go in for a
fight, if Lee's army went as far north as Pennsylvania. June 24, the
Twelfth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin commanding, formed a
part of the Third Brigade. Colonel Fisher commanded the brigade.
General Crawford the division. The Third Brigade, consisting of the
Fifth, Lieutenant-Colonel Dare ; Ninth, Colonel Ar.derson ; Tenth,
Colonel Warner ; Eleventh, Colonel Jackson, and Twelfth, Lieutenant-
Colonel Gustin, was at this date in camp at Minors' Hill. The First
Brigade, Colonel McCandless commanding, consisting of the First
Rifles (old Bucktails) and First, Second and Sixth Regiments, was
camped at Fairfax Court House. The Second Brigade, Colonel Sickel
commanding, consisting of the Third, Fourth, Seventh and Eighth
Regiments, was on provost duty in Alexandria, Va.

In accordance with instructions from General Hooker, General
Crawford ordered the three brigades of the Pennsylvania Reserve
Division to march on the 25th. The First and Third Brigades moved
accordingly, but the Second Brigade was detained by General Slough,
Military Governor of Alexandria. He thought a veteran brigade neces-
sary to keep convalescents in camp ! In violation of all mi'itary piin-
ciples he retained this splendid body of veterans against their will and
in disobedience of General Hooker's orders.

141

However, he was sustained by the action of the military " coterie"
which surrounded our noble President. This -'coterie" never forgave
General Hooker for his first dispatch upon assuming command of the
Army of the P( tomac, namely, requesting that General Stone be made
chief of his staff. Not only did they refuse to entertain General
Hooker's charges against General Slough, but they refused him control
of the large force at Maryland Heights, and ultimately forced him to
throw up the command of the army. Few persons are acquainted with,
and still fewer willing to acknowledge, the great difficulties of Mr.
Lincoln's position, due principally to influential poUticians and news-
paper editors wishing to conduct the war, and jealous generals giving
opposing counsels. The writer believes with Colonel Scott (compiler of
•' Eebellion Records "), " that Mr. Lincoln acquired a very great knowl-
edge of the art of war," and that, if he had been permitted to act as he saw
fit, many misfortunes would have been spared the Union forces. The
Twelth Regiment moved with the Third Brigade, in a rain storm, on
the 26th of June, marching to Goose Creek, Va., that day. The
division had been delayed two days waiting for transportation. The
First Brigade joined the Third en route ; the two brigades, about 3,417
strong camped together at Goose Creek. On the 37th the division
moved at daylight along the Leesburg Pike. It was much delayed by
the Army of the Potomac trains and by its own train.

General Crawford telegraphed General Meade, commanding the
Fifth Corps : " On the Monocacy, June S7th, 4.15 p. M. General: I have
received orders from headquarters. Army of the Potomac, to join your
corps. I am on my way and just in from the rear ; to-night I will
encamp above the mouth of the Monocacy, as I find my train, which is
entirely new, cannot go further ; have two brigades, second detached at
Alexandria. If I receive no instructions to the contrary, I shall move
at daylight to overtake, if possible, your command."

The division crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry on pontoon
bridge and camped at night at the mouth of the Monocacy. Colonel
Hardm, of Twelfth, joined en route. The 28th, Sunday, was clear and
pleasant ; the division moved at daylight and soon crossed the aqueduct
of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at the Monocacy and, passing through
Buckeyestown, bivouacked on Ballinger's Creek about two miles from
Frederick. Here joined Fifth Corps.

General Meade was this day assigned to command of the Army of
the Potomac, General Sykes to Fifth Corps.

142

General Hooker advanced a portion of his army through the south
mountain passes, with the view of cutting General Lee's communica-
tions, but this movement vvas disapproved at Washington and the corps
advanced tlirough the mountain passes were ordered back to Frederick,
and directed to proceed up the east base of these mountains. This latter
movement was taking place when the Reserve Division joined the
army. The greater part of the Union army at this time rested near
Frederick.

At this da*e, June 28th, General Lee's army was stretched from
Hagerstown to the Susquehanna, near Harrisburg, and to York, Penn.;
Ewell's Corps at Carlisle and York. General Lee's headquarters with
Longstreet's and Hill's Corps near Chambersburg. General Lee was
preparing to cross the Susquehanna, but that night, he says, he learned
from a scout that the Union army had crossed the Potomac and was
threatening his communications at South Mountain. It was resolved,
he says, to concentrate the army east of the moiintains.

General Meade states : " That he had no special plan but to move
northward until he made Lee let go Lis hold of the Susquehanna."
General Meade learned on the 30th that General Lee was moving with
his main force to the east side of the mountains, and he decided to con-
centrate his army on Pike Creek. The Army of the Potomac moved on
the 29th as follows : Headquarters to Middleburg; First and Eleventh
corps to Emmittsburg; Second Corps to Uniontown ; Third Corps to
Taney town; Fifth Corps, via Frederick and Moimt Pleasant, to Liberty;
Sixth Corps to New Windsor; Twelfth Corps to Taney town and Bruce-
ville; Gamble's and Deven's brigades of Buford's Cavalry Division via
Boonsboro, Cavetown and Monterey Springs to near Fairfield; Merritt's
Brigade of Buford's Division to Mechanic st own; Gregg's Division of
cavalry to New Windsor; Kilpalrick's Cavalry Division to Littletown,
the Artillery Reserve to Bruceville. There were combats at Muddy
Branch and Westminster, Md., and at McConnelbburg and near Oyster
Point, Penn.

There was an assemblage of officers of the Reserve Division whilst
it was camped near Frederick, looking over maps of the country and
guessing at the future movements of the Union and Confederate armies.
Colonel Warner, of the Tenth, and ihe writer agreed that the chances
were in favor of a fight at or near Gettysburg, the next good crossing
place in the mountains north of our then position, as shown by the maps
we had.

143

The morning of the 29th the writer visited Frederick and conversed
veith officers of General Reynolds' command, Fii-st and Eleventh corps.
They thought they were going to Gettysburg, or spoke of that place as
their ultimate destination. Returning towards camp the writer met the
division en route to Frederick ; it had left Ballinger's Creek about noon ;
it marched but a short distance from Frederick when it was halted to
permit other troops to take precedence. The division remained in this
posiiion several liours ; it then followed the Artillery Reserve. The
writer, during this delay, visittd his old friend, Lieutenant "Cog"
Hazlet.who was commanding Battery "D," Fifth United States Artillery.
The weather was very warm ; Lieutenant Hazlet wore a small wliite
hat. Ab the writer left him to rejoin his command he called back,
" ' Cog,' we are going to have a fight soon : don't wear that white hat
into battle 1"

" At 7 p. M. we crossed the Monocacy Bridge on the Baltimore Pike,
and turnf d up the banks of the stream, heading north ; soon after we
waded the stream and struck across the fields, and at about 10 p. k.
bivouacked in a wood, having made a tiresome day's march of ten
miles." The long delay before mentioned caused our division to get far
behind the other divisions of the corps. We had to rush along well
into the night to reach the corps camp, where the leading divisions
had arrived early in the evening and in good order. Having arrived in
camp late, and it being very dark, we made a bivouac, whilst we saw
the other divisions of I he Fifth Corps in a regular camp. Most of us
■were 60 hot and tired we dropped down and went to sleep without even
making coffee. A bad beginning for a long march.

June 30th the Union army moved as follows : Headquarters to
Taney town; First and Eleventh Corps, to Marsh Run; Third Corps, to
Bridgeport; Fifth Corps, via Johnsville, Union Bridge and Union, to
Union Mills ; Sixth Corps, to Manchester ; Twelfth Corps, to Littles-
town ; Second Corps, to Uniontown ; Gamble's and Devin's brigades,
via Emmittsburg, to Gettysburg ; Gregg's Division, via Westminster, to
Manchester ; Kilpatrick's Division, to Hanover ; Artillery Reserve, to
Taneytown. Action at Hanover, Penn. ; skirmishes at Westminster,
Md., and at Fairfield and Sporting Hill, Penn.

Stuart's Confederate Cavalry Divi- ion had crossed the Potomac, east
of the Union army, and moved north, between it and Washington.
Gregg's and Kilpatrick's divisions were watching Stuart and guarding
the Union trains. " The morning of the 30th we started early, passing^

144

tlu'ough Liberty, Uuion Bridge and Unic^ntown (a poutoou train accom-
panied us tliis day) ; marched twenty miles and bivouacked near dark ;
were mustered two miles beyond Union town." The marching all the
forenoon was very slow, with many stops ; but in the afternoon we
were rushed along. This march was the cause of a great injustice done
our division, in that it was reported to the Army Commander that our
division cuuld not march as fast as the other divisions of the corps. It
will be noted that these other divisions had clear roads, no trains to fol-
low, early start, no forced delays ; in short, nothing to prevent them
making their marches in time.

July 1st the Union army moved as follows : First, Eleventh and
Third corps, to Gettysburg ; Second Corps, to near Gettysburg ; Fifth
Corps, via Hanover and McSherrystown, to Boroughtown ; Sixth Corps,
en route to Gettysburg ; Twelfth Corps, via Two Taverns, to near
Gettysburg ; Gregg's Division, to Hanover Junction ; Mcintosh's and
J. I. Gregg's brigades, to Hanover ; Henry's Brigade returned to Man-
chester ; Kilpatrick's Division, from Hanover, via Abbottsville, to Ber-
lin; Artillery Reserve (Ransom's and Fitzhugh's brigades), to Gettysburg.
First day's battle of Gettysburg.

General Meade's order on the expected battle was read to us before
we started. The division left camp two miles beyond Uniontown at
5 A.M. (July 1st). Hearing of Confederate cavalry, skirmishers and
flankers were thrown out; the division moved thus several miles. About
2 P. M. were halted on the Pennsylvania State line ; at 3 p.m. were
addressed by General Crawford. We then moved on till we came to a
line open woods, where we rested till dark. All day we gathered
(cherries from the overloaded trees along the road side. The turnpikes
along which we marched the greater part of the day were white, hot
and dusty. We passed Kilpatrick's battlefield at Hanover in afternoon.
At dark we resumed the march, which we continued without halt till
tiawn, when, utterly exhausted, we dropped down, compelling a halt of
the division. After resting an hour we again took up the march and
(continued it mostly across country untU 12.30 p.m., when we arrived on
the battlefield, on the Baltimore Pike, in rear of the centre of the armj-.
Our division, in very hot weather, marched in the worst possible manner,
accomplished nearly seventy miles in three and a half days, and on the
afternoon and evening of the fourth day weut to the top of Big Round
Top.

In the meantime, General Buford left Middleburg, Md., on 29th,

145

arrived at Gettysburg on 30th ; passin- througli Gettysburg at uooa
(June 30), he reconnoitered west and north of that town. He aiw the
advantages of the Gettysburg position and he determined to Lold it
until he was driven away or reUeved by infantry. The night of June JJOth
he notified General Reynolds, "That HilFs Confederate corps Ma.s
camped nine miles west of Gettjsburg and I.ongstreet's behind Hill's ;
that no Confederate force had yet passed through the mountains from
the north toward Gettysburg, but that such force would soon be at
Heidlersburg." This information was subsequently shown to be
correct.

General Meade had directed General Reynolds, " That if he ha.s to
fall back, to do so on Emmitsburg ; that the Third and Twelfth corps
will come to the assistance there of his and the Eleventh Coqjs." When
General Reynolds reached Gettysbui-g at 8.35 a.m., July 1st, General
Buford was with his artUIery and dismounted skirmishers "standing off "
Hill's troops. General Reynolds joined General Buford in the Seminary
tower, and as old companions in arms, with perfect confidence in eacli
other, they discussed the position and the n ilitaty situation. General
Reynolds decided at once to support General Buford. He saw that, if
his troops were brought up promptly to this position, General Lee
could be made to take the offensive, or be compelled to faU back with
his whole force without fighting, and thus, if a battle took place here,
the Union army would be enabled to fight on the defensive.

General Buford promised to hold on until General Reynolds' infan-
try and batteries could get up. General Reynolds felt sure that his
corps with the Eleventh could hold this position until the Tliird and
Twelfth could reinforce him. The information he had of the Confeder-
ate army showed that it was as badly scattered as was the Union.
Four corps of the Union army could reach this gi-ound by the early
afternoon, and the Second Corps by sundown-force sufficient with
proper management and good fightmg to withstand General Lee's army
commg up from several directions until the whole Union army could
be assembled.

It was most fortunate for the Union side that it had sucii intelli-
gent and energetic generals in advance as Reynolds and Buford, and
generals who had the confidence of the Army Commander. General
Meade's giving General Reynolds (a fighting general) his advance with
three corps proved to that general, as to the world, that General Meade
was not attempting to avoid a battle. He was only anxious that the

146

fight which must take place should be a defensive one on his side, if
possible.

Shortly after his arrival, as soon as he had taken a look at the
ground from the Seminary tower and had had a few minutes' conversation
with Ger.eral Buford, General Reynods (who was a most accomplished
artilleryman), seeing what fine ground lay in every direction to the front
for artillery (the arm well known to preponderate in the Army of the
Potomac— more powerful and more numerous than Lte's — the only arm
in which it was believed the Union army was superior), a battlefield to
make an artilleryman grow enthusiastic, requested General Buford to
hold on till his (Reynolds) Latteries and infantry could get up.

He sent off in hot haste several officers for his own and the Eleventh-
Corps batteries, and to hurry up his own and General Howards infan-
try. He then went to select positions for his batteries (he had brought up
with him Captian Hall, Chief of Artillery of his leading division), so that
no time would be lost (General Reynolds thus anticipated the present
German instructions for battle). In a few minutes Captain Hall's bat-
tery arrived ; it was immediately posted near General Bufoi'd's batteries.
Soon after, the first division of Reynolds' Corps came up and was
posted to support the First Corps and Buford's batteries. In expecta-
tion of the early arrival of the Eleventh Corps batteries. General Rey-
nolds now went to select a position for them. Whilst doing so he was
struck down by a sharpshooter. He had already seized this good posi-
tion and had given such un impetus to his command that it went on
without a break in carrying out his designs under his able successor.
General Doubleday.

General Reynolds had planted the advance of the Union army in
General Lee's route. He had secured a position across all the roads lead-
ing east of the mountains at tli is point, where the Confederate army must
assemble if it united east of the mountains.

General Reynolds might have had three corps at Gettysburg earlier
in the day, but he would not run the risk of throwing his whole force
against Lee's main army, which might be at Gettysburg at the same
time. He thus showed proper prudence. But when he arrived there
in person and was satisfied that the information received from General
Buford during the past night was correct, and that the Confederate
army was sti.l en route to assemble at this point, he acted as the prompt
and intelligent soldier that he was.

General Buford's batteries and dismounted cavalry skirmishers sue-

147

ceeded ia liolding the enemy on the west side of Willouby Run till
Wadsworth's Division arrived. Captain Hall, commaridinglheaitillery
of this division, had preceded the infantry, and had posted his own bat-
tery in aid of Buford's batteries, which were doing heroic service
on the Chambersburg Road. As soon as it arrived, Cutler's Brigade
was posted on either side ( f the Chambersburg Road, and across an old
railroad cut, to support these batteries. Meredith's (Iron Brigadt ) was
sent to the left of the road to occupy a piece of woods, which Hill's Con-
federate troops were entering. The Confederate General Heth attacked
with four of his brigades the position held by General Reynolds' force.
The thiee right regiments of Cutler's Brigade were forced back, and
General Reynolds ordered Meredith's Brigade to at ack across the front
of the Confederate force. This attack was successful. The Confederate
General Archer and many of his men were captured. These disposi-
tions were just completed, in which his two brigades had defeated and
almost destroyed two brigades of the enemy, when this most skillful and
heroic general was killed. The falling back of Cutler's right left Hall"s
battery exposed, but the Fourteenth Brooklyn, Ninety-Fifth New York,,
and Sixth Wisconsin changed front and charged the Mississippi troops-
attacking Hall, and captured two ML sissippi regiments ia the old rail-
road cut. Hill's other two brigades ] ressing the Union left, Rowley's
Division was put in here. Robinson's Division was held in reserve on
Seminary Hill.

Soon Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps attacked from the direction
of Carlisle, and Robinson's Division was advanced to meet it. Baxters
Brigade went in on the right of Cutler and afterwards took Cutler's
position. General Paul's Biigade wei.t in on the light cf Baxter.
Robinson's Division resisted well Rodes' attack and captured three North
Carolina regiments. So far the Fii st Corps had more than held its own.
" If the Eleventh Corps had been as well handled and fought, the day
would probably have seen no reverse." General Howard spread his two
divisions (Barlow's and Schurz's) to the right of the First Cerps, but did
not make strong connection with it. The Confederates seized Oak Hill,
a prominent point between the Union corps, and charging from this
point, turned the right of the First Corps and left of the Eleventh.
Fortunately, General Howard had placed cue of his divisioi;s, Steiu-
metz's, in reserve on Cemetery Hill, and the left of the First Corps fell
back in ordt r and covered the retreat « f the artillery and ambulances,
but near 5,000 piisoners were left in the enemy's handi!.

148

General Reynolds had, early in the day, sent word to General Meade
ihat the enemy was in force near Cashtown and advancing on Gettys-
burg, and that he would endeavor to Iiold Gettysburg until rtinforced.
Soon after General Reynolds was killed the cool-headed Buford thought
matters were not being conducted very well, and he sent a dispatch to
the eflfect that " there seemed to be no head," and requested that some
one be sent forward to command. It may have been in answer to this
request that General Hancock was sent forward to take supreme com-
mand. When he arrived matters looked badly, so much so that he, at
first, thought the part of the army here would have to be moved back.
Soon, however, the Union batteries got into position on the left of the
town, and Stemmetz'd Division, with the Eleventh Corps batteries,
shoM-ed a good front on the right, and the advantages of the position
were explained to him, when he saw that General Lee would have to
continue to attack, so that it was only a question whether the Union
army could, at this point, hold its position. By sundown all was ready
to meet an attack.

The Umon position at this time appeared so strong that General Lee
and his corps commanders concluded they could not assault it that
evening with success. Thus two Union corps, even with the loss of
their commander, had been sufficiently strong to hold the Confederate
army for an entire day. How much easier and with how much le^s
loss it could have been done had General Reynolds lived and been in
command of three corps. Success is the best assurance of good general-
ship.

The morning of the 3d the Union force was disposed as follows :
Twelfth Corps, Slocum, on Gulps Hill on the right ; Eleventh Cori)s,
Howard, on Cemetery Hill, supported by Robinson's and Doubleday's
divisions of the First Corps ; Wadsworth's Division of the First Coi-ps on
the left cf the Twelfth Corps, on Gulp's Hill ; Second Corps, Hancock,
to the left of the Eleventh, on Cemetery Ridge ; Third Corps, Sickles',
massed on left cf Second, in low ground between Cemetery Ridge
and Little Round Top ; Fifth Corps, Sykes', on Baltimore Pike, in
reserve ; Sixth Corps, Sedgwick, coming up on Baltimore Pike, arriving
late in the afternoon, in reserve.

General Lee's troojjs were disposed on Seminary Ridge about one
mile from the Union line and parallel to it. Longstreet's two divisions
(Hood's and McLaws') at first in rear of Hill, afterwards on extreme
right. A. P. Hill's Corps (Anderson's, Heth's and Pender's divisions) in

149

centre ; Ewell's Corps (Early's, Rodes' and Johnson's divisions) on left
The Confederate line was about five miles long, concave to the Union
line, which was only about three miles long.

It seems to have been intended by the Confederates that Ewell's
Corps should attack early on the 2J. It was thought that Longstrect
would also be in position to attack by 9 a. m. Such was no doubt the
understanding when the senior generals (except Longstreet) separated
for the night of the 1st. When morning came, and the formidable posi-
tion crowned with earthworks and artillery was seen by General Lee
and General Ewell, General Lee (who went early to Ewell's front) hesi-
tated to order an assault until he could have thorough reconnaisauces
made, and imt'.l Longstreet's Corps should be up.

General Meade, no' icing the movements of Ewell's Corps, and being
strong himself on that flank, early in the morning ordered an attack on
his right by the Twelfth and Fifth corps to be supported by the Sixth.
But Slocum, commanding the Twelfth, and General Warren, Chief
Engineer of the Army, reported the groimd unfavorable. Also, the
Fifth Corps did not come up in good shape to attack before noon, and
the Sixth was then far off. There has been much controversy between
the Confederate generals since the battle as to when Longstreet ought
to have been ready to attack, also as to time, EweU should have sup-
ported Longstreet's attack. It would appear that General Lee sent one
of his staff (Johnson?) early in the day to reconnoitre in front of the
Union left. This officer went over the ground about the Peach Orchard.
When he returned he told General Lee that this was favorable ground
on which to make an attack. At this time the Union Third Corps was
massed on the left of the Second. The ground on Confederate right
consisted principally of open fields. Longstreet's command was sent in
a roundabout way to get to the Peach Orchard position, so as not to be
seen by the Union signal officer on Little Round Top.

Longstreet himself was in no hurry, as he did not wish to attack
without his third (Picket's) division. Moreover, he states that the
agreement, on beginning tln3 invasion, was that there should be no
offensive battle delivered by their army. If this is true General
Reynolds is entitled to credit for making General Lee change his plan.
Whilst Longsti-eet was moving around to the Union left Sickles was
moving out his corps, and taking position on the Union side of the
Peach Orchard.

The controver.-'y between Generals Meade and Sickles in regard to

150

this movement is well known. It seems to the writer that the matter
btanUa about as follows : General Meade had been all the morning
studying his right, with a view to attacking or receiving an attack
there ; no report had reached him that Confederate troops, in force,
were threatening his left. General Meado supposed his cavalry, which
had covered itself with honor the day before, and which had been
directed to watch that flank, vrould be able to give him early warning
of any extensive movement of Confederate troops in that direction.

Early in the afternoon, upon request from General Sickles to have
ground selected for his corps to occupy. General Hunt, Chief of Artillery
of the Army, was sent to assist General Sickles in selecting a position.
Sickles and Hunt could not find any good line in this region vrithout
going out very far to General Sickles' front. It is now well known
that the ground in front of Little Round Top is a mo-t difficult region
in which to select a line of battle. Artillery could be of little use on
the Little Round Top line, and how far the woods and difficult country
extended to the left front nei her Hunt nor Sickles knew. Taking into
consideration the short time they had to select a position in so difficult
a country, it was probably as well done as it could have been.

Between 2 and 3 p. M. the signal officer on Little Round Top and
the skirmishers of Sickles' command detected Longstreet's movements.
At General Sickles' urgent request General Meade went to his left,
about 3.30 p. m., to look up ground for Sickles' Corps. The fact seems
to be, General Meade did not believe he would be attacked on the left.
He thought his cavalry would certainly give him ample notice of any
threatened attack on that front, so that he would have time to prei)are
for it. For some reason, at this critical moment of the day there was
no Union cavalry on the left f lont.

General Meado arrived on his left Just as Longstreet's attack was
beginning, and, as Sickles line was very far out in advance of Hancock,
being ignorant of the n gion, Meade thought Sickles had moved his line
unnecessarily far out. However, when Sickles and Hunt told him what
a tangled place the ground was in front of Little Round Top, he con-
cluded to reinforce Sickles where he was. Moreover, there wjis now
no time left in which to select a new line. The subsequent loss of the
Third Corps position was due to the fact that the Fifth and Sixth Corps
were not brought up soon enough, the one to Sickels' support, the other
to form a second line on the Little Round Top ritlgc. If Meade had
been notified by his calvary of Longstreet's movement, he would cer-

151

tainly have had the Fifth and Sixth Corps in place to meet this attack.
Upon what small matters may turn the fate of a battle ! TJie new
position of Sickles brought Iluraphrey's Division several hundred yards
to the left front of the Second Corps, and posted on the Emmittsburg
road, (Graham's Brigade of Birney's Division on the same road, on
Humphrey's left, reaching to the Peach Orchard; Ward's r:nd
De Trobriand's brigades stretched back to the rear at right angles
t.i Graham's Brigade, in front respectively of the Wheatfield and
Devil's Den.

Longstreet's attack (with infantry) began about 4 p. m. He conceu-
ti-ated his artillery opposite the angle of Sickles' Cjrps at the Peach
Orchard and opened such a concentrated fire on the Union artilleiy at
this point as to overwhelm it. He then began his attack with his infan-
try, on his right, with Hood's Division, which pushed into the woods
and outflanked the Third Corps on its left. Law's Brigade cf Hood's
Division, on extreme Confederate right, went over Big Round Top,
coming out upon Union ambulances, but Law's Brigade had moved too
far to its right, had lost connection with balance of Hood's command,
and it was ordered to move to its left. Hood's other brigades broke
through the left of De Trobriand's line and began to pass up and around
Little Round Top.

The Union left being thus flanked and beginning to give way,
McLaws' Division was pushed in on Hood's left, carrying the centre of
tlie Third Corps' position. This corps was too weak to hold so long
a line. The Union troops M^r.uld now have had to fall back but that
reinforcements began to arrive just as the Confederates reached the
Union position. Humplu-eys, who was not at first attacked, sent
Burling's Brigade to Birney's assistance. The whole Fifth Corps was
ordered up to the support of Birney's line ; Barnes' First Division arrived
first, Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigades going in near the Peach Orchard;
Vincent's Brigade, at the request of General Warren, Chief Engineer,
to Little Round Top. Then came Caldwell's Division of the Second
Corps to the Wheatfield, where its right was turned, and then two
brigades of the Second Division of Fifth Corps to the Wheatfield,
where they had scarcely arrived wlien their right was turned and tliey
retreated to the position from which they had started, on the right of
Little Round Top.

Soon McLaws' attack was supported by Anderson's Division of A.
P. Hill's Corps, and Humphreys, although aided by Graham's Brigade,

152

was driven back from the Emmittsburg Road. Hancock sent two
regiments of Gibbon's Division and Willard's Brigade of Hay's Division
to assist Humphreys. General Sickles was here wounded, and Hancock,
assuming command of the Third Corpp, sent two additional regiments to
help Humphreys. Finally General Meade brought Tip Stannard's
Brigade, and a mmiber of batteries were posted on Hancock's line and
the Sixth Corps came up and took the position on the right of Tiifctle
Round Top, from wliich the Third Corps had moved out.

In the meantime, Hood's troops had made a desperate effort to
carry Little Round Top and the ravine between it and Big Round Top.
General "Warren, Chief Engineer, going early in the action to the signal
station on Little Round Top, had seen Hood's troops approaching that-
position. The Signal Service men were about leaving when Warren
arrived. He ordered them to remain, and he hurried off for troops to
put on Little Round Top. The Fifth Corps was coming up, and as he
had formerly served most gallantly in command of a brigade of that
corps, his request for a brigade was immediately answered by .General
Bam&«i, who sent Vincent's' Brigade, which, moving at a double quick,
beat the Texans of Hood's command to the top of Little Round Top.
The fighting for this hill was fierce, Law's Brigade pushing through
between Little and Big Round Top contended with Vincent for this
ravine. Vincent was soon supported by Weed's Brigade of Second
Division, Fiftfj Corps, and Hazlett's battery was carried to the top of
Li'.tle Round Top. When the ammunition of Vincent's and Weed's
brigades was expended (both these brigade commanders being killed)
Fisher's Third Brigade, P. R. V. C, was hurried to their support. By
this time the Confederates had become exhausted, and those who had
not fallen back were captured.

Upon arriving on the battlefield, about 13.80 p. M., the Twelfth
Regiment, as the entire division of Reserves, was given time to rest and
make a full meal, the first since leaving Frederick, Md. As soon as we
had feasted many of the mounted ofl&cers of the division started cut to
see the line of battle. We rode up to the rear of the town of Gettys-
burg, then moved along the line of battle to General Meade's head-
quarters, where we had a conversation with some ofiicers, then startc d
to ride down General Hancock's line, when we heard the commence-
ment of Sickles' fight.

We galloped over to our camp, where we fovmd the Fifth Corps
moving off to Sickles' support. The First Division of the corps led, fol-

153

lowed by the Second Division. Tlien came oi:r division, Third Brigade
leading, which at this time was well filled and closed up. We moved
westerly along a wood road, and foon came to a part where the road
was narrow and corduroyed, a fence on one side and brush on the
other, woods on both sides. As we advanced we began to meet
wounded men returning. Soon the road was so encumbered with
wounded walking to the rear and ambulances going the same way, we
had to take to the woods along side of the road. This caused some
delay. Advancing by so mar y wounded we felt there was serious work
ahead for us. We filed up on the north side of the ridge to the right of
Little Round Top. The ground here was n cky and covered with thick
brush. Some little time was taken in getting into position. Eventually
we got into line by brigade froni, Third Brigade in front.

We then advanced to the crest of the ridge. As we reached the
crest we got our first view of the battle on the left; it was not a reassur-
ing sight. The whoTe valley between us and the ridge opposite, about a
third of a mile off, was filled with our retreating soldiers and batteries,
thousands of the soldiers wounded and all the batteries disabled. Some
of the men, especially toward the left front, were retreating at a run.
The enemy's line was only visible by the white puffs of smoke at the
crest of the opposite ridge. Very few of our men were firing ; a man
now and then would stop and take a shot. This great mass of thous-
ands in the valley was moving sullenly to the rear at a walk. There
seemed no organized force, a mere mass of men, officers and men inex-
tricably mixed — all seeking safety behind the ridge upon which we
stood. A battery was making its way into position in the imderbrush
on our right, and a few guns in position on the ridge to our left (since
known as Little Round Top) were firing slowly at the enemy in the
woods beyond the opposite ridge.

As soon as the division got into position, there being a luU in the
action at this time, the writer rode up the ridge to the left to get a look
at the ( nemy's position. When near the top he met a i)arty of officers
and men carrying General Weed, who was mortally wounded ; the
writer, who knew the (xeneral personally, stopped to see if lie covild be
of any service ; whilst conversing here another party came along,
bringing back his old friend. Lieutenant "Cog" Hazlet, who in the haste
of going into action had forgotten that fatal white hat. He was shot
through the head, probably by the same sharpshooter who had killed
General Weed.

154

Finding he could see little more here than at the position the division
occupied, the writer started down ; he met the Twelfth Regiment com-
ing up wi:h the Third Brigade, except the Eleventh Regiment. We
scramhled up and over Little Round Top and moved down the left front,
going to the assistance of Vincent's Brigade. As the Third Brigade
mov«d away the First Brigade was ordered to advance to the front.
The Eleventh Regiment being still on the ground when the First Brigade
came up to the front line, joined that brigade and advanced with it.
We saw the First Brigade and Eleventh Regiment make their gallant
advance tlirough the retreating multitude, as we clambered over the
rocks on top of Little Round Top. We joined in their cheer and started
at a double quick down the left front of Little Round Top, ^tumbling
over rocks and the numerous dead of Vincent's and Weed's gallant
brigades. As we advanced a few scattering shots came from tlie retiring
enemy. Our advance was most fortunate, as Vincent's and Weed's
brigades had expended all their ammunition. The Confederates (several
hundred) remaining between Big and Little Round Top, seeing and
hearing our advance, laid down their arms and became prisoners to the
brigades which were so well entitled to receive them.

Darkness ended the contest. Thus our small division, coming on the
field in the nick of time, and advancing boldly, turned the tide of 8ucc^.s8
on the left, and the enemy's great efforts on this front were rendered
entirely futile. •

About 9 P. M. Colonel Fisher, commanding Third Brigade Pennsyl-
vania Reserves Division, with the consent of the Division Commander,
ordered an advance up Big Round Top. The Twentieth Maine deployed
as skirmishers ; the Fifth and Twelfth Reserves followed in support in
line of battle. The skirmishers started promptly, but on account of the
darkness and difficulty of deploying into line in this rough place, it was
some minutes after they started before the line of the Fifth and
Twelfth followed.

The skirmishers went promptly to the top of the mountain ; only
an occasional shot was fired by the Cofederates. The Fifth and
Twelfth advanced at the word. of command, given in Colonel Fisher's
stentorian tones. The line upon advancing, in utter darkness, was
almost immediately broken, and became confused by the rocky, precipi-
tous and difficult ground. Officers became separated from their men,
but all pushed on up the mountain ; when about one-tliird Avay up all
order was lost. Officers and men of different companies and even of

155

the different regiments became intermingled. The commanding oflBcera
of the brigade and regiments began caUing (o each other ; the rocks and
woods resoimded witli their cries. It is said, and no doubt with good
reason, that the Confederate troops stationed at this lime on the moun-
tain, hearing all this noise, and knowing that the Sixth Corps had
lately arriv^ed, believing that whole corj^s was about taking station on
Big Round Top, hastily retreated down their side of the mountain. The
confusion was so great that officers and men of Fifth and Twelfth con-
cluded to return to the position they had started from, the valley
between Little Round Top and Big Round Top.

In making this ascent a number of Confederate prisoners fell into
the possession of members of Fifth and Twelfth regiments. A squad of
officers and men (about seventy) in which the writer found himself,
upon first descending to the foot of the mountain, sent forward two men
to investigate the first camp fires seen. These scouts were answered by
members of the Fifteenth Alabama. Our party then, after discussion,
concluded to move around the mountain side toward the left or south,
in which direction we were sure of finding the Sixth Corps pickets.
We in this way, after an hour's very hard march, foimd the Vermont
Brigade pickets, and went at once to our starting point. In the mean-
time, about all the members of the Fifth and Twelfth had found their
way back to the same place. The Twentieth Maine skirmishers, finding
themselves unsupported, had returned to this starting point.

The writer now suggested that our brigade march up the mountain
by the flank, the Twentieth Maine skirmishers leading as before; this
plan was adopted. Advancing in this manner all soon reachtd the top
in good order. The Twelfth on the crest, the Fifth on its right; the
Twentieth Maine skirmishers remained out as pickets toward the left
front. The Fifth and Twelfth regiments threw out pickets in their front
and to connect with the troops on the right. The Ninth and Tenth
Resei-ve 5 had been left in line across the ravine between Little and Big
Round Tops. Two regiments of Vincent's Brigade were posted in the
interval between the right of the Fifth Reserves and the Ninth and Tenth
Reserves, but almost at right angles to the general line. (As shown by
map accompanying Vincent's Brigade Coinmander's report.) The line
remained thus till daylight, when a regular connected line was made
from the top of Big Round Top to and across the ravine between Little
and Big Round Tops, and stone breastworks were thrown up (which
still stand, 1888, as we left them). There was some sharpshooting on

156

both Bidea. Jiily 3d Frank H. Hencli, Compaiiy " A," was killed, and
Private James Aikens, Company " (!," wounded, in the Twelfth Regi-
ment.

A member of the Twelfth writes : "On the ir.orning of the 5th a
skirmish line, a detail of the Twelfth and Fifth, was sent out to feel for
the enemy. I was one of the members. I have a very vivid recollec-
tion of what we saw, antl how cautiously we approached the stone
walls, the earthworks and entered the woods. We found no enemy,
however, except a Georgian , sleeping by a tree in the wc ods. He was
somewhat surprised when he awoke and found himself surrounded by
Yankees. Going a little farther we met some Sisters of Charity in an
ambulance coming to the battlefield. They told us that the enemy
were in full retreat and eight miles away. We then returned to the
regiments."

The Confederates on their right at dark (2d) slowly withdrevsr to the
line the Third Union Corps had held. Ewell began his attack on Conftd-
erate left about sunset. He found the Union line stripped on its left.
There was nothing 1 ut Green's Brigade of Twelfth Corps on Union right.
Early attacked Cemetery Hill and Johnson, Gulp's Hill, Early's attack
was gallantly made, but failed. Johnson carried the Union works on
his left, and remained in possession there. The result of the day's fight-
ing has been described as follows: " Longstreet had carried the whole
front, on which the Third Corps had been drawn. Ewell's left was
thrust within the breastworks on the Union right, in a position which,
if held by liim, would enable him to take Meade's entire line in reverse,
and the Union loss in the two day's combat had already reached the
frightful aggregate of upwards of twenty thousand. But the army
and corps commanders on Union side that night were unanimous for
fighting it out here."

If this is a just summary of the result of the two days' fighting, was
not General Lee justified in ordering the assault on the Union centre ?
If that had yielded at all, would not Longstreet's two divisions on Con-
federate right, and Ewell's w hole corps on the left have followed up the
success and overwhelmed the Union army ? We now know that an attack,
made in broad daylight, over open ground, against good troops, armed
with modern weapons, although made strictly in accordance with tlie
battle tactics of Frederick II. or Napoleon, must fail, as witness this
grand attack and many made by General Grant's aimy whilst en route
to Eichmond. In this third day's magnificent assault and heroic defence

our regiment was only a deeply interested spectator. The grand scene
was clearly in view to any member of the regiment who would chance
his life against the deadly sharpshooter by raising his head above the
stone breastworks.

The First Brigade of the Reserves, under command of Colonel
McCandless, advanced late in the afternoon of the 3d, and by its bold
and skillful movements defeated a force more than twice its strength,
and recovered all the groimd lost by the Union army on the 2a. The
Third Brigade remained in the breastworks on Big Round Top until
the morning of the 5th, when it moved off with the Fifth Corps toward
Emmettsbm-g. The enemy withdrew the night of the 8d and morning
of the 4th. Their absence being soon detected, many of us took advan-
tage of this opportunity to visit the battlefield on the left and centre.

The criticism of General Meade for not attacking the Confederates
after Gettysburg was refuted by subsequent events.

What chance had General Meade, with a force no larger than the
enemy's, when General Grant with double the enemy's force in his
repeated assaults (whilst en route to Petersburg) suffered such heavy
losses and accomplished so Uttle.

General Lee's concave position enabled him to utilize his large
reserve artillery, both for connecting his wings and to crush tliat of
tlie Union army. The artillery of Union army had to be concentrated
too much. (On the third day on Cemetery Hill the guns were only a
yard apart). The defects of General Lee's position were such that he
was unable to make his troops, on so long a line, act together, and to
reinforce either wing promjitly. These defects had much to do with
the failure of liis attacks. If he had entrenched his centre and one of
his flanks (wings) and had used his main army on his other wing, he
might have succeeded in dislodgiog the Union army.

The numbers actually engaged were nearly equal. The Confeder-
ates were the stronger the first day, the two sides about equal the
second day, the Union force stronger the third day. The losses, July
1-S(by A. G. O.) were: "Union 23,003; Confederate 20,451. Note.—
Confederate prisoners by name, wounded and unwounded, 12,227. Medi-
cal Director A. P. reported 6,802 Confederates wounded."

The latest estimate of the numbers actually engaged is : 69,000 Con-
federates, with 250 guns ; 80',000 Union, with 350 guns.

In this estimate not sufficient allowance has been made for the
filling up of the Confederate regiments with drafted men and couvales-

158

cents. Tlie Alabama regiments received many such ; the Fifteenth Ala-
bama had 700 men present ; the Maryland regiments were quite strong,,
one company had ninety men, etc. Moreover, the Conftderates could
have few stragglers, as they were in an enemy's country, and two corps
made very easy marches to the battlefield, whereas the Fifth and Sixth,
two cf the largest of the Union Corps, made very hard, forced marches
to reach the battlefield. Still farther, the Confederates had always
fewer men, proportionately, on extra and daily duty than the Union
army, consequently they had more muskets in fine in proportion to
number of men present. For these reasons the writer thinks the above
estimate decidedly in favor of the Confederates.

Extracts from Pennsylvania Reserve Division records as follows :
"Headquarters Pennsylvania Reserves, July 2, 1863, on the field near
Gettysburg, 3 p. m. Colonel; brigade commanders will hold their com-
mands in readiness for an immediate movement. In case of an attack
upon our left, we will be called upon to resist it, and they wUl make the
dispositions now. The Third Brigade will take tlie right; keep the men
in camp, let them rest. Towards evening the command will be
marched by the left flank to the field on the left to a point to be indi-
cated by a staff officer who will be sent. Very respectfully, your obedi-
ent servant,

S. W. Crawford, Brigadier-General Commanding."

"Headquarters Pennsylvania Reserves, on the field near Gettys-
burg, July 2, 1863, 10 P. M. General : I have the honor to report to you
that I have just come in from the line of skirmishers in my front. We

hold the field in advance of the woods beyond the ; our hne is

diagonal; we hold all the woods on the right and half the woods on the
left. I have no troops on either flank, and hold my advance position
without assistance. My skirmishers report that they hear the enemy
beyond. The battery in the road directly in front was withdrawn at
simdown. I pushed my men into the woods beyond, but they were
fired on. I would also report to you that I sent two regiments from
Third Brigade of my division to take the high grounds on the left; they
now hold the position. From a heutenaut of Georgia troops who was
captured, having come into the lines while I was in front, I hear that
the force that we have been fighting to-day is under Longstreet, also
that General Lee is with the Rebel army. I respectfully ask instruc-
tions what to do witli tlie brigade of niy division now in front. Its
flanks are not protected, and its position very exposed. The niunber of

159

"wotinded belonging to the First and Hecond divisions of this corps is
large; they are lying uncared for. Very respectfully, your obedient
servant,

S. W, Ckawford, Brigadier-General Commanding Division."
'* July 4, 1863. Near Gettysburg. Report of arms captured : First
Brigade, 3,072 ; Third Brigade, 600 ; total, 3,673. Also one Napoleon
p,un and three caissons."

Extracts from General Cravi^ford's report: "The Third Brigade,
under Colonel Fisher, was detailed and moved at once (' to the left of
Barnes' Division on the crest of the ridge '). The firing in front was
heavy and incessant. The enemy concentrated his forces oppo ite the
It ft of our line, was throwing them in heavy masses upon our troope,
and was advancing. Our troops in front, after a determined resistance,
unable to withstand the force of the enemy, fell back, and some finally
gave away. The plain to my front was covered with fugitives from all
divisions, who rushed through my lines and along the road to the
rear.

Fragments of regiments came back in disorder and without their
arms, and for a moment all seemed lost. The enemy's skirmishers
had reached the foot of the rocky ridge; his cohunns w^ere following
rapidly.

My command was forn«ed in two lines, the second massed upon the
first. The Sixth Regiment, Colonel Ent, on the right, the First, Colonel
Talley, on the left, and the Eleventh Regiment of Fisher's Brigade,
under Colonel Jackson, in the centre. The second line, consisting of
the Firet Riles (Bucktails), Colonel Taylor, and the Second Regiment,
Lieutenant-Colonel Woodward ; Colonel McCandless commanded the
whole. Not a moment was to be lost ; uncovering our front, I ordered
our immediate advance. The command advanced gallantly with loud
cheers. Two well directed volleys were delivered upon the advancing
masses of the enemy, when the whole column charged at a run down
the slope, driving the enemy lack across the space beyond and across
the stone wall, for the possession of which there was a short but
determined struggle.

The enemy retired to the Wheatfield and the woods. The second
line was immedieately deployed to the left. The First Rifles (Bucktails),
under their gallant I ader. Colonel Tayl( r, gaining the Cank and dashing
upon the enemy, who endeavoring for a moment to make a s'and,
finally broke and fltd in disorder across the field, leaving Lis dead and

160

wounded in our hands. As night was approaohmg and my flanks were
unprotected, I directed Colonel McCandless to hold the line of the stone
wall and the woods on the right. Heavy lines of skirmishers were
thrown out and the ground firmly and permanently held.

I then rode to the left, towards Fiaher s Brigade. Upon ascending
the crest of the ridge I found, from the report of that officer as wdl as
from Colonel Rice, of Barnes' Division, that the Round Top was still in
possession of the enemy's skirmishers, who were firing upon cur men.
It was important to hold tliis hill, as from its position it commanded
that part of our line. I directed Colonel Fisher to occupy it at once.
He immediately detached the Twelfth, under Colonel Hardin, and the
Fifth, under Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, and the Twentieth Maine, under
Colonel Chamberlain, who advanced promptly, driving the enemy before
them, capturing over tliirty prisoners.

During the night the division commanded by General Bartlett, of
Sixth Corps, was moved up to my support. At 5 o'clock on the 3d I
received orders * * * to advance that portion of my command
which was holding the ground retaken on the left, and which stUl held
the line of the stone wall in front, to enter the woods, and if possible
drive out the enemy. It was supposed the enemy had evacuated the
position. I proceeded at once to the spot, and directed the movement
to be made.

McCandless' Brigade, with the Eleventh Regiment, under Colonel
Jackson, were ordered to advance, throwing out skirmishers toward the
right, in the direction of a battery established by the enemy about noon,
and which was plainly visible. I requested General Bartlett to move
up one of his regiments to the stone wall from w-hich I advanced, and
also to throw a force towards my right to protect that flank. The men
of his command moved promptly into position and rendered eflScient
service. The movement had hardly begun before this battery opened
with grape and canister. The woods on the right were soon cleared.
As soon as our skirmishers approached the battery it ceased firing and
fled. The line was then formed, and under the immediate direction of
Colonel McCandless, dashed across the Wheatfield and into the upper
end of the woods. The enemy's skirmishers were driven back as he
advanced, and the upper end of the woods was now cleared. The com-
mand then changed front and charged through the entire length of the
woods.

One brigade of the enemy, commanded by General Anderson, and

161

composed of Georgia troops, were encountered. It had taken position
beJiind a stone wall running through the woods, and which they had
made stronger by rails and logs. We fell upon their flank, comnlelely
routing them, taking over 200 prisoners, and one stand of colors! The
colors were taken by Sergeant John B. Thompson, Company - G," First
Rifles. Another brigade, under General Robertson, and composed of
Texas troops, which lay concealed beyond the woods, and near the foot
of the ridge, ran, as reported by the prisoners, without firing a sliot.
■" * * They (the enemy at tliis point) greatly outnumbered us ; but
the rapidity of the movement and the gallant dash of my men com-
pletely surprised and routed them. They fell back, nearly a mile to a
second ridge and entrenched themselves. By this charge of McCandless'
Brigade and the Eleventh Regiment, Colonel Jackson, the whole of the
ground lost the previous day was retaken, together with aU of our
wounded, who, mingled with those of the rebels, were lying uncared
for. The dead of both sides lay in lines in every direction, and the
large number of our own men showed how fierce had been the struggle
and how faithfully and how persistently they had contested the field
agamst the superior masses of the e-.emy.

The result of this movement was the recovery of all the ground lost
by our troops, one twelve-pounder Napoleon gun and three caissons and
upwards of 7,000 stand of arms ; large piles of these arms were found on
brush heaps ready to be burned. * * * Colonel Taylor, the gallant
and brave leader of the Bucktails, fell while leading his regiment to the
charge. * * * ^^reat credit is due to Colonel McCandless, command-
ing the First Brigade, for his management of his brigade and the prompt
and faithful execution of the order given him in face of a gallin'^ fire
on the 2d, and for the rapid and sucnessful dash upon the enemy on the
3d, and I recommend him especially to the notice of the Major-General
commanding the corps.

To Colonel Fisher, commanding Third Brigade, great credit is due
m early realizing the importance of the occupation of Round Top and in
promptly and successfully occupying it. The enemy would have
undou'ited'y occupied it durmg the night."

Extracts from report of Colonel Fi.her, commanding Third Bri^^ade •
•' * * ^"-a^-^'hed my brigade to the left of General Sykes-Corp^
bemg the extreme left of the Army of the Potomac, and at once
engaged the enemy, although very shortly afterwards he retired leav-
ing large numbers of his killed .nd wounded on the field. Soon after

163

the close of the fight of the 2d, I discovered in my immediate front
a hill called Round Top, from the summit of which the enemy was doing
us great damage. I thought it highly important that we should at once
occupy it. I accordingly took two regiments of my brigade, viz. , Fifth,
Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, end Twelfth, Colonel Hardin, and the Twen-
titth Maine, commanded by Colonel Chamberlain, and at 10 p. m.
ascended the hill, which was occupied by a fi'll brigade of the enemy.
"We went up steadily in line of battle" (?) " taking over thirty prisoners
in our ascent. In the morning I discovered that the hill was of
inamense importance to us, * * * I beg leave to call attention to the
conduct of Colonel Hardin, of Twelfth Ke-iment, who was still suffer-
ing from wounds received at (second) Bull Run ; Lieutenant-Colonel D;ire
of the Fifth Regiment, who was also wounded at Fredericksburg ;
* * * Colonel Warner, of the Tenth Regiment, who is still so lame
from wounds received at Antietara as to te unable to walk wiihout
support, * * * and Lieutenant-Colonel Snodgrass of the Ninth Regi-
ment • * * * while all the subordinate field officers are deserving
of special mention, especially Major Larrimer, of Fifth, who, suffering
from acute rheumatism, refused to remain out of the ba tie. * * «
The members of my staff, Lieutenant Wiight, A. A. G. ; Captain
Howard, Inspector ; Lieutenant Chamberlain and Lieutenant Kerns,
aides. * * * My brigade captured and turned in to the proper
officer.s over 1,000 stand of arms, brought off over 200 wounded Rebels
and buried eighty of their dead. * * * "

AFTER GETTYSBURG.

"Woodward says : " At 5 P. M. , July 5th, we moved off in a south-
westerly direction, over exceedingly bad roads, and at midnight bivou-
acked in an opi n fit Id. The next morning, about 11, we marched to
the State line, where General Meade's congratulatory address was read
to us, and we bivouacked." "W^e moved at 4 o'clock the next morning,
passed near Emmettsburg, and continuing along the base cf the South
Mountain, marching in fields skirting the pike, passed through Grace-
ham and Cregarstown, bivouacked, at dark, six miles from Fred, rick,
having made twenty-one miles, over very bad roads. March( d at 6
A. M. on 8th, heading neaily west ; passed over the Cotoctin Mountains
and through Middletown, and camped about one mile south of the latt r
place. The next morning marched i.t 6, and soon after he;ud heavy
cannonading. Passed near KeedysvUle and La Roy : we struck Antie am

163

Greek, at Delamont Mill«, where the enemy had been that momingj
.leaving behind a cavahy picket. We halted here and threw out
skirmishers, who forced the enemy back to the Potomac.

The Fif h Corps followed its skirmishers slowly and bivouacked on
top of the hill on west side of the Antietam. We thought our corps
commander displayed little energy in finding the enemy or in following
his skirmibhers. We thought our part of the army could have reached
the Potomac easily that afternoon if its commander so desired. It
began to look as t ough it were intended that Lee fchould be allowed to
cross the Potomac w ithout another fight, if he wished. On the morn-
ing of the 11th our corx)s moved forward near to Sharpsburgh and Hagers-
town Pike, where our division was deployed in line of battle, and rested
until 4 P. M., at which time the division moved forward, in co'umns of
companies, with regiments at deploying diotarce, with skirmishers in
front and the pioneers pulling down fences. Having advanced about
two mile?, we halted aLd bivouacked. The 12th and 13tli, the division
made slight changes in position. The night of the 13th the Confederates
retreated across the Potomac. The Union army followed, on 14th, to
Falling Waters. Some of the rear guard of the Confederate army was
capturtd, but main force crossed safely.

It is not b. heved any great effort was made on Union side to stop
the Confederate army from crossing the Potomac, nor is it believed
that any attack by the Union army at this time and place would have
had any favorable result.

On the 15th of July our division (which was now near Williams-
port) marched; ret acing our steps, passed near Delamont and over
Antietam battlefield, and encamped near eastern base of South Moun-
tains. Moved at 5 a. m. on IGJi, skirting along the base of South
Mountain through Burkettsville and PetersalFs and halted about two
miles from B^^rlin. Our wagons came up and we had the first change of
clothing since leaving Washington. It rained all night until 4 P. M. on
17th, wlien we moved to the Potomac and cro-sed at Berlin and bivou-
acked three mJes beyond Lovettsville, being the first infantry that had
crossed. On 18th marched to Wheatland, on 19th marched t ) Purcell-
ville, o 1 20th moved at 4 A. M. ; marched almost o^er the same ground
that we did 'ast year under McClellan, passing by PhilamontanJ our old
camp n. ; r UnioJtown, and encamped at noon near Goose Creek (near
Upperviile).

On 2:J»1 marched to Rector town, on 23d to Manasses Gap (one of the

164

longest and hardest of our marches). On 24th, at 7 A. M., marched up
the Manassas Gap Railroad, and moving to the right formed in columns
of divisions, and moved in by the right flank and advanced uj) the side
of a steep mountain covered with timber and brush, acting as a reserve
in the battle of Wapping Heights. Whilst the division was moving
over some open ground where the tiring between a part of the Third
Corps and the enemy could be seen on the mountain side far in our
front, a soldier near the head of our column broke suddenly out of
ranks and rushed at full speed to the rear; his. headlong speed carried
him through several of tiie advancing lines before he could be stopped.
He had become fairly a maniac from fear. He was placed under
close guard and taken along with the command. Upon inquiry it was
learned that this soldier had been specially noted for courage in former
battles, that he had been wounded in the last one he was in. He had
since Gettysburg returned to duty with his company. It was so singu-
lar a case it was deemed best to return him to duty without trial (his
trial would have been fatal to him); he redeemed his character with his
life's blood in a subsequent battle.

" On 25th, reveille at 3 a. m., moved at 6 a. M. ; retraced our steps ;
were so short of provisions the men were living on blackberries. On
26th marched at 5 A. M. ; at noon halted in a clover field, having made
a march of thirteen miles, with a halt of but fifteen minutes. General
Crawford was saluted with cry of * crackers.' At 4 P. M. marched
again, passing to the west of Warrenton, and encamped in a low open
field, where we were troubled with mosquitoes for the first time during
the war. The next morning, at 5, marched towards Fayetteville, near
which we halted. On 28th moved one mUe for water. On 1st AugiLst
marched toward Warrenton and bivouacked. Considerable cannon-
ading in direction of Sulphur Springs. On 3d moved at 8 A. M. about
three miles to our old bivouac of 26th ulfc. Weather so hot some men
were sunstruck. We remained here till dark, when we marched to our
old bivouac of 28th, where we laid two hours, when we marched, cir-
cuitously, eight miles and camped within two miles of our last bivouac,
on our old c.imp ground of November last. On 8th marched early, and
at noon arrived at Rappahannock Station, where formed regular camp.
These (latter) movements were made to deceive the enemy while we
sent off troops to suppress the riot in New York."

We remained in camp, near Rappahannock Station till September
16th. Dug wells, made screened sinks, placed brush over the shelter

165

tents, built bough arbors and made ourselves as comfortable as possible.
Clothing and full rations were issued. Sutlers, wiih full supplies, joined
their commands. Daily papers received, bathing in Rappahannock,
daily drills and camp amusements filled up the time. This camp and
the next below Culpeper, were the most agreeable we had during our
term of service. The writer was unfortunately absent at the " Meade
Sword Presentation," which was one of the most interesting events
(August 28, 1863) in the history of the Reserves. He heard the " boys"
had a good time.

Orders were issued on the loth of September to march ; moved
at 8 A. M. on 16th, crossed the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford and moved
to Mountain Run. Early next morning marched and passed through
Culpeper Court House and camped four miles beyond. Remained
here till October 10th ; made same kind of camps as last on the Rappa-
hannock. Added to our former amusements that of horseback riding,
"cutting heads," sabre exercises, etc., and had brigade drills. The
Second Corps, General Warren commanding, was located near us.
Some of his officers and many from the cavalry came to the riding
exerc ses. At every exercise one rider at least suddenly and unex-
pectedly dismounted, to the amusement of the spectators. The cavalry
officers were no more proficient either in riding or sabre exercises than
the other mounted officers.

:P--'>^

CHAPTER XII

BRISTOE STATION, RAPPAHANNOCK STATION AND
MINE RUN.

On October 10th the division moved at 2 A. M. toward Culpeper
Court House, and then turning to the left marched around Pony
Mountain and bivouacked at Raccoon Ford, where we remained until
2 A. M., 11th, when we mai'ched back to our old camp.

Soon after returning to camp t"he division moved as rear guard to
the army; passing through Culpeper Court House, continued in direction
of Rappahannock Station. Upon our arrival opposite the station the
division was drawn up in line of battle, in which position it remained
until night, when it crossed the river, and we bivouacked in our old
camp of August and September last. Early in the morning of the 12 th
we recrossed the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford, formed line of battle
and remained here until near sunset, when we advanced to Brandy
Station,

Our cavalry commenced skirmishing in our front about 10 A. M.
The cavalry fighting was in plain view most of the day. Our division
advance was a part of that of the whole army, which moved in grand
array in line of battle, stretching for miles to the right and left, offering
battle to the enemy.

The latter, however, was hastening to turn the right of the Army of
the Potomac via Warrenton. At midnight our division marched for the
river again. In the night it became separated from the rest of the
corps and did not reach our old camp until 3 A.M. on 13th. At 7 A. M.
started again, moved some distance toward Warrenton, then inclining
to the right marched for Catlett's Station, near which we bivouacked.
At 4 A.M. on 14th we took up our march, moving nearly abreast i f the
Second Corps; the corps (Fifth) halted to rest after crossing Broad Run
at the point where the road which runs north of and parallel to the rail-
road crosses that stream.

This point is about one-third of a mile north of the railroad; the
woods extend from the south up to the stream; a large open field extends
for half a mile on north side of the stream. After remaining here about
an hour (near half-past 1 P. M.), General Sykes commanding, the corps.

167

starieJ off towards Manassas, followed by the First and Second divisiona
of his corps. Tlies j were followed by the corps batteries. Our division,
for some unknown reason, did not start to follow the rest of the corps
till the batteries had disappeared in the woods on the farther ciJe of the
open ground. About 2 p. M. our division was drawn out on the road
leading to Manassas Junction, the Tliird brigade, commanded by Colonel
Hardin, leading. The liead cf t is brigade was near the woods where
the other troops of the crops had disappeared, when the enemy opened
firo from a batttry posted just across Broad Run, to the left rear of the
position our division had lately occupied when resting. Several officers
and men of the Tlu:d Brigade were struck by the first fire of the
enemy's battery, which fired directly down the marching line < f the
brigade. The brigade was brought from column into line, halted and
faced toward the enemy.

The First Brigade, at the first volley of the enemy's battery, had
moved into a clump of woods on its right. This brigade was f orm> d in
line on the edge of this woods, and the Third Brigade moved up
(toward the enemy) to tho right of the First Brigade. The instant after
receiving the first fire of the enemy's battery the commaoder of the
Third Brigade sent an officer towards Manassas for one of the corps bat-
teries to return and answer the enemy's battery. A hasty gonsultation
took place between the division and brigade commanders (the division
was under orders to follow the balance of the corps), and it was decided
to remain where we were for the present. The division had scarcely
been formed in line of battle when the enemy's infantry attack on the
Second Corps, stationed on the heights near Bristoe Station, could be
seen from the right of our position. No battery of the Fifth Corps com-
ing up as soon as expected, and the attack of the enemy on the Second
Corps teeming to grow in force, several messengers were sent back
for a battery, the commander of the Third Bi-igade sending to
the commander of the regular battery his personal wish that he would
come back. This battery eventually returned, and came into battery
on the right of the division. Its position was such as to enfilade the
enemy's battery, which was now pngaged with the Second Corps' bat-
teries. The enemy's batteries had at this time ceased firing in our direc-
tion.

The Reserve Division and battery were about 4 p. M. ordered by the
^-^rps commander to retire and rejoin the remainder of the corps at
Manassas Junction. This movement was begun, but soon arrested, and

• 168

the whole Fifth Corps returned to the position where it had rested near
noon. In the meantime a portion of the Second Corps was engaged
with a portion of Hill's Corps near the railroad.

The Union army retired along the Orange and Alexandria Rail-
road; I he Second Corps, General Warren commanding, acting as rear
guard, moved close to the railroad ; the Fifth Corps, Sjkes command-
ing, on left front of Second Corps, the Third Corps in front of the Fifth,
each corps being ordered to keep in communication with the other.
General Warren was informed by General Meade that the road was
clear for the Third and Fifth corps ; that the Fifth Corps would remain
near Bristoe (where the enemy might attack) until the Second Corps
came up. General Sykes, commanding the Fifth Corps whilst his corps
was resting in the fields north of Broad Rim, was informed, about 1.30
P. M. , that the head of the Second Corps was up. Ue then started his
corps for Manassas Junction. As before mentioned, just as the Reserve
Division, the rear of the Fifth Corps, was drawn out, the Confederates
came up and opened fire with artillery on our division. At this time
Webb's Division of the Second Corps was approaching Broad Run from
the south, by the road \he Fifth Corps had passed over.

General Lee's plan was to attack the Union army at Bristoe, and
endeavor to cut it in two whilst it was on the march. In pursuance of
this plan, Heth's Division of Hill's Corps began an attack, first against
the Reserve Division, with artillery; then Hill advanced his infantry to
take possession of Bristoe Station. The fire of Hill's artillery notified
the Second Corps of Hill's presence, and General Webb immediately
threw out skirmishers on his left; these at once met Hill's skirmishers
thrown out from his right. Webb fell back to his right rear, to the
railroad embankment, to connect with his corps and to take possession
of the railroad crossing of Broad Run. General Warren now came up,
and personally knowing the ground well, ordered Hay's Brigade and
his corps batteries to make all speed to get possession of the heights and
railroad embankment near the Station. Warren got a part of bis corps
into this strong position before the Confederates, who immediately made
a determined efl'ort to carry this position. They were repulsed with
severe loss in guns, killed, wounded and prisoners. The action of the
Second Corps at this time was most brilliant, infantry and artillery
vieing with each other in dash and courage.

The Second Corps was soon established strongly at the railroad
crossing. The Confederate generals seeing this, and also seeing the

169

Reserve Division with artillery on their left, delayed any further attack
until Hill's entire corps and Ewell's command could come up. Only
skirmishing occurred after 4 P. M. No further attack being made by the
Confederates, the Union forces retired duriug the night. Our divisioi;
crossed Bull Run by fording at 3 A. M. on IHtli, and then stopped to rest.
Neither the Eeserve Division nor its commander ever received any
credit for their action in this battle. A study of the ground, the circum-
stances of the action and of the Confederate reports, proves conclusively
that it was the presence of oui- division and the battery which j lined it
that delayed or, rather, prevented an overwhelming attack on the Second
Corps. It is not intended to detract from the skillful handling of the
Second Corps, its divisions, brigades and batteries, and the splendid
fighting of the r^nk and file, but the enemy had treble the Union force
near this point all the afternoon, which for some reason he failed to
use. Of course, the Confederates supposed our division was supported
by the remainder of its corps and other troops, whereas we were more
justified than General Warren in saying that the Fifth Corps "had
deserted us."

RAPPAHANNOCK STATION, NOVEMBER 7, 1863.

" At 9 A. M. on 15th of October, we moved again (from north bank of
Bull Run) passing through Centreville to Fairfax Court House, where we
bivouacked in the woods near the town and remained until the 17th, when
we advanced once more to Centreville and remained there all night.
The next morning we returned to Fairfax Court House. On 19th, at 4
A. M., moved towards Centreville, fording Bull Run, and that night slept
on battlefield of Second Bull Run, where we found our dead mostly as
they had fallen, and we laid down and slept among the bones of our
comrades."

The next morning we moved at 6 o'clock, passing through Gaines-
ville and halting near New Baltimore, where we remained until the
26th. On this (26th) day's march the head of the corps came to a small
stream, which was flooded from recent rains ; it looked quite formida-
ble, and without testing its depth or, in fact, doing anything towards
making a crossing, the corps was halted and a pontoon bridge sent for.
After a halt of an hour or more a bateau was brought up and put in
the stream ; it was two short to reach across ; it was hauled out and the
command continued to rest for several hours. One of the regular
battery commanders (think it was Lieutenant Elder) asked authority to

170

try to take hia battery across ; ho was allowed to make the attempt.
Fii-st trying the ford by riding through it, he then started bis I attery a
little above the ford, he pushed his iiorses across, they had to swim in
tlie middle of the stream, tut wht n the guns readied the deep part the
horses had good footing and immediately i assed up the farther bank.
The infantry cheered lustily and, not to be outdone, seme men called for
axes and in a few minutes a large tree near the bank was felled across
the stream, men ran across this and cut other trees on the farther bank,
making them fall across the first tree felled, in a few minutes the
infantry was crossing.

On the 30th marched to Warrenton and remained there until
November 7th.

November 7th the Reserve Division, being Third Division of Fifth
Corps, General Crawford conamanding (Colon 1 Hardin commanding
Third Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin the Twelfth Regiment),
moved from Warrenton across the Orange and Alexandria Railroad,
arrived south of the railroad and within two milts of Rappahannock
Station about 11 A. M. The Confederates held the north bank of the
Rappahannock River with two brigades of infantry and a battery in a
fortified position at Rappahannock Station, with a strong line of skir-
mishers in rifle pits extending about a thousand yards above and some
distance below the station.

The First, Second and Third Corps of Union army, under commatid
of General French, were directed to carry Kelley's Ford, and the Fifth
and Sixth Corps, under command of General Sedgwick, were directed to
attack Rappahannock Station. It was thought the movement of
General French would cause the Confederates to evacuate Rappahan-
nock Station, but it did not.

A strong skirmish line was formed to cover the advance of the
Fifth and Sixth Corps. The Fifth Corps was to advance south of the
railroad, the Sixth Corps north of it. The skirmishers of the Sixth
corps drove back the enemy's skirmishers to the Rappahannock River
and held the north bank near to Rappahannock Station. The skir-
mishers of the Fifth Corps, about 900 strong, taken from the three
divisions of the corps (seven ol3icers and about 300 men (part being from
the 13th), were taken from the Reserves), under command of General K.
Garrard, covered the Fifth Corps advance. General Garrard in his
report says : ' ' The line was posted in front of the corps on the south
side of the railroad, and about 3 p. M. I received orders to form my

171

whole force as skirmishers, to advance with my right on the raihruad,
and to establish the picket line on the Rappahannock River, driving in
the enemy which was in front. The river was about one and a half miles
to the front.

At 3.30 P. M. the advance was made, and in an hour or less the line
was on the river on my left" (Third Division skirmishers on the left),
" and up near to the railroad, wliere it bent back, owing to the opposition
offered from an earthwork of the enemy near the river and on the north-
west side of the railroad. My orders required me to regulate with the
skirmishers of the Sixth Corps on the other side of the railroad, and in
keeping up tliis connection a portion of the First Division, on the right
of my line, crossed the railroad, and, at the time of tl;e charge, entered
the fort together with the Sixth Corps. * * * Being unacquainted
with the officers and men who had composed my temporary command,
I am unable to report in detail in regard to their conduct. * * * "

General French found no serious opposition beyond severe skirmish-
ing, and by night had taken possession of both banks of the Rappahan-
nock at Kelly's Ford.

Bartlett's First Division, Fifth Corps, supported Garrard skirmish-
ers, but was only under artillery fire. Artillery was posted on the
right of the Sixth Corps and in front of the Fifth Corps, so as to liave a
cross fire on the enemy's earthwork. Late in the evening General
Russell, commanding a dtvison of the Sixth Corps, was ordered to
assault the work with Upton'j and Elmaker's brigades of his division.
The assault was gallantly made, being led by General Russell and
Colonels Upton and Elmaker, and the enemy's work carried, with a loss
to him of 1,700 prisoners, four guns and a pontoon bridge.

On the 8th marched to Kelley's Ford and crossed the river there
about 1 p. M., and then massed in column of divisions, rested a while
and then advanced about two miles, when we reached some cabins built
by A. P. Hill's Confederate troops. These cabins, made of logs, had
large fireplaces and good large chunneys, with shingle roofs. We cap-
tured in this camp about 3,000 pairs of drawers and other clothing,
some harness, a few muskets and some odds and ends. It had evidently
been the intention of the Confederates to winter here. Marched on
10th to Mountain Run, where we again fovmd Confederate quarters;
remained here until the 24th. Colonel Hardin, commanding Third
Brigade, had brigade drills. He tried division drill with batteries
attached to infantry, but found tactics very ixicomplete.

172

MINE EUN.

The army Etarted on 24tli to cross the Rapidun, but a severe rain
etorm coming on, the troops were sent back to their camps. The army
started again on 26th ; crossed at Lower Fords, the Fifth Corps, to
which the Reserve Division was attached, crossing at Culpeper Mine
Ford. The roads were muddy and the bridges were too short (their
lengths liaving been estimated on a lower stage of water). The right
wing of the army was delayed by this error of the engineers, and the
Third Corps moved very slowly after crossing, possibly through ignorance
of the proper reads to move on. General Lee moved promptly upon
learning the movement of the Army of the Potomac. He made no
effort to prevent the crossing, but took up a strong position behind
Mine Run, and with a part of liis force attacked the Third Corps, thus
stopping it and preventing its rapid and effective junction with the rest
of the army. He then withdrew his entire force behind Mine Run.

The Army of the Potomac was now moved up to this position,
which for three days it threatened to assault, but finding it too strong
the Union army was withdrawn and fell back beliind the Rapidan.
The regiments of the Reserve Division "left their camps on Broad
Moimtain Run at 5 p. m. on 26th November. Marched to the Rapidan,
crossed at Culpeper Mine Ford and moved down the Fredericksburg
Plank Road to a i)oint four miles west of Chanc* llorsville and bivouacked.
On morning of the 27th the line was formed with the Sixth Corps on
the right, Third and Fifth in the centre, First and Second on the
left. * * * The Reserves were sent forward to support Gregg's
Division of Cavalry. They marched from their bivouac at 6 a.m.,
moving in a southerly direction over a road which entered the Orange
Court House Plank Road at Parker's Store ; the troops then marched
westward on the Plank Road to New Hope Church, where they found
the cavalry engaging the enemy. The division was here ordered to
form and support the cavalry. The enemy was posted in an abandoned
railroad cut and easily withstood the attack of the cavalry. The
division was now deployed to dislodge the enemy and skirmishers were
sent in advance. These moved rapidly and drove the Coi federate force,
which consisted of cavaliy and artillery, supported by a brigade of
infantry, beyond the railroad cut."

Colonel Hardin commanded the skirmishers on left of the road,
where the enemy's skirmishers made the greatest resistance, they being
supported here by a battery. A shell burst under Colonel Hardin's

173

horse, upsetting horse and rider withou*^^ doiug ei;! -Air any serious dam-
age. General Sykes for onoe was complimentary to the Reserve skir-
mishers.

" On 28th the division moved forvs^ard to the riglit, and bivouacked
at Robertson's Tavern. Next day the troops advanced two miles west-
ward on the road from the tavern and formed in line of battle on the
west bank of Mine Run. On Monday, 30th, moved to tlie right four
miles and prepared to storm enemy's position." Lieutenant Rahn, of
"C" company, Twelfth Regiment, and a picked party were sent out
between the lines to find out the enemy's position, t3 learn how strong
it was and if possible to find a crossing of Mine Ran. The Lieutenant
was highly comphmented for his services on this occasion,

A cold rain had faUen, and the weather turned very cold, so that
lying in line of battle without fires officers and men suffered terribly.
Some men were frozen to death. The division was moved from one
position to another in front of the enemy until the night of December
1st, when it relieved the Third Corps, which retired. The division
started to the rear just after dark on December 1st, passed Robertson's
Tavern and crossed the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford,

On this retreat, which was very quietly and rapidly made, a bridge
was broken down, causing a delay of the artillery. No one from the
Fifth Corps appeared to order it repaired, but General Sedgwick, whose
command, Sixth Corps, was in rear, came up and superintended the
repairs, working with his own hands to make men hasten the work.

After the Army of the Potomac returned from Mine Run expedi-
tion it was posted along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in Winter
quarters and in such positions as t) guard this line of eupplies. The
Firth Corjis, to which the Reserve Division was attached, was ordered to
guard the line of railroad from the Rappahannock River to vicinity of
Washington. The Reserves guarded tlie line from Bristoe Station to
Alexandria; Third Brigade headquarters, Colonel Fisher commanding, at
Manassas. The Fifth and Twelfth Regiments and a detachment of
cavalry, under command of Colonel Hardin, were posted £.t Catlett's
Station. The duty of the command was to guard the raJroad from
cavalry and guerrilla raids.

Colonel Fisher with a detachment of cavalry dispersed a guerrilla
party and captured a Captain Lee, their commander. Instead of being
tried by court martial for being in our unif rm, this Captain Lee, upon
a telegram from the War Department, was sent to Washington,

174

where, it wuh said, lie was the next day seen walking the street*
on parole I

Soou after this Captain Lee was let off, a party of our officers and men
were a:nbuscaded, and ssveral of the men kided and woundod. Decem-
ber 14th, Colonel Ilardin, accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin
and a mounted orderly, was riuing the line of pickets which Avas
posted along the railroad, selecting sites for block houses, when he
encountered a party of five horsemen; supposing it to be a Union cavalry
patrol. Colonel Ilardia rode up to the ofUcer who was riding in front
(the entire party wore black slouch hats, Union overcoats and top bjots),
and had just asked: ""Where are you going?'' when the whole five
raised their revo'vers (which they haJ concealed behind their right legs)
and fired. One sliot struck Colonel Ilardin in his cripple! left arm (It '
was paralyze-d from the wound received at Second Bull Run), one struck
Colonel Gustin in his right hand, two struck Colonel Hardin's horse^
which sprang forward a few paces and fell dead within the limits of an
infantry picket post. The guerrillas after firing turned off into the
brush and were seen co more. This party had passed a Union sentinel
on post only a minute before Colonel Ilardin addressed it, which proves
conclusively that it was fully disguised in Union uniform. If that ii
fair warfare the writer h unable to understand what is unfa r. Sub-
sequently, Colonel Ilardin was recognized by the man Paine, who
attempted to assassinate Mr. Seward. Paine tcld General Ilartranft
that he was one of the men who shot at Colonel Ilardin. Only a few
months since the writer was told a preacher (God save tlie mark!)
boasted that he shot Colonel Hardin. He and Paine were fit com-
panions.

February 16, 1864, Major Larrimer, Inspector of our division, was
killed by guerrillas.

As the terms of service of the Reserve regiments were about to
expire, great efTorts were made to get the men, iu a body, to re-enlist.
Applications were made to the "War Department to give the division a
furlough. General Crawford urged the matter very forcibly, using for
the first time the argument that "seasoned" soldiers, as the remainder
of the Reserves then were, were ro very far superior to new levies.
Also stating that the men were mostly jourg and the be?t inat( rial for
soldiers. ^Ve were soon to loarn how valuable were "seasoned'' soldiers,
Buch as formed the bulk of General Lee's army.

March 24i.h, 1864, General Warren assimicd command of the Fifth

175

Corps. Its divisions were commanded as follows : First, by General
Griffin ; Second, by General Robinson ; Tliird (the Reserves), by General
Crawford ; Fourth, by General Wadsworlh. The men of the Ninth
Reserves, whose tirno was not out tae first of May, were transfened to
the Twelfth Regiment.

CHAPTER XIII.

GRANT'S CAMP A.IGN— WILDERNESS AND SPOTTSYLVANIA.

The Army of the Potomac was reorganized in the Spring of 1864 ;
■corps and divisions consoliflated, so tliat there were only three corps —
the Second, General Hancock commanding ; the Fifth, General Warren,
and the Sixth, General Sedgwick. An independent army of hetero-
geneous materials was formed, under command of General Burnsidej^
which joined in the Wilderness. General Grant, who had been made a
Lieu tenant-General, and assigned to command of all the Union armies,
decided to make his headquarters in the field with the Army of the
Potomac, " for the reason that the principal Confederate army lay in
its front."

General Grant assumed command of the Army of the Potomac
March 27, 1864.

It is thought that General Grant believed that, in a scientific (mili-
tary) point of view, the campaign should be made by the Peninsula
route ; but there was such opposition by the authorities in Washington
to this plan, he concluded to adopt the overland route, with a co-operat-
ing force of considerable strength moving up the Peninsula by water.
At the same time, to cover his right flank and to draw off somewhat
from the enemy's main army, he formed Crook's and Sigel's armies, to
operate in the valley of the Shenandoah and in West Virginia.

On the 29th of April, 1864, the Reserve Division broke camp on the
Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and marched near to Warrenton
Junction; the next day it crossed the Rappahannock and camped near
Culpeper Court House. It was attached to the Fifth Corps as its Third
Division. On the 4th of May crossed the Rapidan about 11 A. M. at
Germanna Ford, and bivouacked on the Lacy Farm. The Sixth Corps
followed the Fifth; the Second Corps crossed at Ely's Ford, six
miles below. Wilson's Cavalry Division preceded the Fifth Corps, and
bivouacked at the old Wilderness Tavern.

The Second Coi-ps, preceded by Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved to
Chancellorsville. Lee's army extended from Raccoon Ford to Gordons-
ville. Ewell's Corps on Lee's right, Hill's in centre and Long-street's at
Gordonsville. General Grant's order for the Fifth says : " First — Major-

177

■General Sheridan, commanding the Cavahy Corps, will move with
Gregg's and Torbert's divisions against the enemy's cavahy in the direc-
tion of Hamilton's Crossing. General ^Yilson with the Third Cavalry-
Division will move at 5 A. m. to Craig's Meeting House, on the Catharpin
K' ad. He will keep out parties on the Orange Court House Pike and
Plank Road, the Catharpin Road, Pamunky Road (road to Orange
Springs), and in the direction of "VVayman's Store and Andrews' Store or
Good Hope Church. Second — Major-General Hancock, commanding
the Second Corps, will move at 5 A. M. to Shady Grove Church, and
extend his right toward the Fifth Corps at Parker's Store. Third —
Major-General Warren, commanding the Fifth Corps, will move at 5
A. M. to Parker's Store on the Orange Court House Plank Road, and
extend his right toward the Sixth Corps, at old Wilderness Tavern.
Fourth — Major-General Sedgwick, commanding the Sixth Corps, will
move to old Wilderness Tavern, on the Orange Court House Pike, as
soon as the road is clear. * * * "

The Army of the Potomac moved in accordance with this order
and General Grant expected to get his army beyond the Wilderness
before Lee's army could be assembled, and he expected himself to attack
the Confederate army. General Lee, knowing thoroughly the Wilder-
ness (a region of dense undergrowth, ditches and other obstruc-
tions with very few roads through it), and that by moving down the
Orange and Fredericksburg Plank Road and Turnpike he would strike
the Army of the Potomac in flank in its movement, advanced liis army
rapidly to the attack. Ewell's Corps on the Old Turnpike and Hill'f on
the Plank Road. Swinton says: "In this thick chaparral, through
which no artillery could play, Grant's masses would lose their force of
impact, while the Confederate marksmen, with an almost Indian skill
in woodcraft, could lie unseen in their grey array amid these dun
woods and deal death to the assailants."

Wilson's cavalry, which had preceded the Fifth Corps on the Old
Turnpike, was withdrawn and sent to Parker's Store; thus there was no
cavalry to indicate Ewell's movement. Grif3Sn's Division of the Fifth
Corps met Ewell's advance, and Crawford, commanding the Reserves,
says: "Led the advance of the Fifth Corps at 5 a.m., with orders
to proceed to Parker's Store; * * * took the wood road from
the Lacy House and pushed on till reaching the open space about one
mile from Parker's Store. The cavalry had become engaged with the
enemy. * ^ *^ They sent back for support. I deployed the Buck-

tails at once to the front and they advanced just in time to resist aa
attack of infantry that had just arrived. Took up a position, and at
8.30 A. M. received an order from General Warren, stating that the
movement had been suspended, and that Griffin and Wadsworth v^'ould
attack on the Turnpike." Griffin's Division advanced on the Old
Turrpke about noon, Wadsworth on Griffin's left and Robinson's
Division in reserve ; drove back Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps,
but Wright's Division of the Sixth Corps not finding the right of
Griffin's, Ewell's other divisions coming up, struck Griffin's right, the
Regular Brigade, and then Bartlet's Brigade, and drove them back; also
struck Wadsworth's Division on its left and drove it back, the whole of
the Fifth Corps falling back to the point it held when it began its
attack.

In the meantime, the Reserve Division remained in position till
afternoon, when McCandless, commanding the First Brigade, was sent
to support Wadsworth's left ; advancing without his flanks pro-
tected, he was compelled to retreat after the loss of nearly the whole
of the Seventh Regiment. The gallantry of the Eleventh Regiment
saved it from capture. It charged right through the Confederate inter-
cepting force. The Third Brigade, Colonel Fisher commanding, was on
picket ; the enemy showing on both flanks, General Crawford hastily
withdrew th se pickets and moved back to his position of the morning.
Getty's Divisicn of the Sixth Corps had been sent early to hold the
junction of the Brock and Plank Roads. Hancock's movement towards
Shady Grove Church was suspended about 11 A. M. and he was ordered
to move up the Brock Road to join the rest of the army.

Hill's Confederate Corps, which the Reserve Division struck on the
Plank Road early in the morning continued on till it met Getty's Divis-
ion. Getty held on till the Second Corps arrived about 3 p. m., when
Getty and the Second Corps were ordered to drive Hill back. The
attack began about 4.30 p. M., on both sides of the Plank Road, but Hill's
troops could not be forced back ; the fighting was perfectly terrific.
Wadt w( rth's Division of Fifth Corps was sent through the woods to
cover Hancock's right ; it got lost in the woods and bivouacked in con-
tact with Hill's skirmishers. It was a drawn battle with Burnside and
Longstrect comi g up.

The Sixth Corps was moved up on right of the Fifth Corps. Both
tlie Second and Sixth corps were ordered to attack at 5 a. m. the
next day. Confederate Gtneral Ewell anticipated Sedgwick, and tlie

179

contest on Union right continued for an hour or more, when the Coo-
federates were repulsed. This attack by the Confederates was made
to gain time for Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps, and Longsfreet's
Corps to get up. The Second Corps, with Getty's Division of Sixth,
advancing at 5 A. M., drove back Wilcox's and Ileth's divisions of
Hill's Corps as far as the Confederate headquarters. Here hahing to
reform his Hne, Hancock met Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps and
soon a part of Longstreet's Corps. Hancock, who had under his com-
mand half the army, could advance no farther.

There was now a cessation of fighting for several hours. During
this time Longstreet had gotten up his whole corps, extending it well
to his right, when he attacked ; first forced back Hancock's left and
then his whole line, as far back as the Brock Road. In the meantime,
the Sixth Corps repeatedly assaulted Ewell's position (which the latter
had entrenched) unsuccessfully. Two divisions of the Fifth Corps sup-
porting Hancock, the other two divisions— the Reserves and Griffin's—
could only attack with skirmishers. The Ninth Corps was ord. red to
attack in the interval, between the Fifth and Second corps, on HancocVi
right. With the exception of Leasure's Brigade, tlie Ninth Corps, after
moving all over the field and accomplishing nothing, fell back and
entrenched. About 4 P. M. Lee attacked Hancock's position on the
Brock Road. By reason of a fire in Hancock's parapets the Confederates
carried a portion of Hancock's line, but they were soon driven out of
this position by Carroll's Brigade.

The Reserve DivLsion was held in reserve most of the day, and
at night it returned to its position at the Lacy House. When the
right of the Sixth Corps was attacked, and Seymour's and Shaler's
brigades fell back, the Reserve Division went at double quick to
their support, but the line of battle was restored by other troops of the
Sixth Corps. Finding General Lee's army entrenched, General Grant
decided to make a flank movement to Spottsylvania Court House.
His order of march was in part as follows: '<* * * Sixth— At
8.30 P. M., Major-General Warren commanding Fifth Corps, will
move to Spottsylvania Court House by way of Brock Road and
Todd's Tavern. Seventh— At 8.30 p. m., Major-General Sedgwick,
commanding Sixth Corps, will move by the Plank and Pike Road
to Chancellorsville, where he wi:i be joined by the authorized trains
of his own and the Fifth Corps ; thence by way of Aldricli's and
Piney Branch Church to Spottsylvania Court House and the road

180

from Alsop's to Block House. Eighth— Major-General Hancock, com-
manding Second Corps, ^vill move to Todd's Tavern, by the Brock Road,
following the Fifth Cori)s closely. Ninth— Headquarters during the
movement ■will be along the route of the Fifth and Second Corps, at the
close of the movement near the Sixth Corps. Tenth — The pickets of
the Fifth and Sixth Corps will be withdrawn at 1 A, M. and those of the
Second Corps at 2 A. M, * * * Thirteenth— Major-General Sheridan,
commanding the Cavalry Corps, will have a sufficient force, on the
approaches from the right, to keei^ the corps commanders advised in
time of the appearance of the enemy. Fourteenth — It is understood
tliat General Burnside's command will follow the Sixth Corjis."

The Fifth Corps started at 9 p. M.; was delayed one and a half
hours at Todd's Tavern by General Meade's cavalry escort blocking the
way. At two miles beyond was detained by Merritt's Cavalry Division,
who had been and still were fighting Stuart's Cavalry. At 6 A. M. the
cavalry moved out of the way and the infantry pushed on. The road
was obstructed and some pioneers were killed removing obstacles. At
8 A. M. of the 8th the column emerged from the woods into a clearing
two miles north of Spottsylvania Court House. Robinson's Division
of the Fifth Corps deployed and advanced over the field. At the crest
of a ridge it met Anderson's Division of Longstreet's Corps and was
repulsed.

Anderson had moved the night before at 8 P. M. Having orders to
start the morning of the 8th he had anticipated the movement of tlie
Union army. No doubt he learned from his cavalry and scouts that the
Union army had already started on a flank movement. He says he con-
cluded to leave at night and get to the high ground about Spottsylvania
by a night march. He reached his position about daylight. Griffin's
Division advanced on the right of Robinson's and was also repulsed.
The Reserve Division came up last, having been double-quicked to the
field; it went in with a rush and drove the enemy out of the woods on
Griffin's left. Wadsworth's Division came up on the right; a line was
formed and the men began entrenching without orders. No other
troops coming up till late, the attack was delayed till the Sixth Corps
arrived.

The principal attack was made by the Reserves, who formed in two
lines ; First Brigade, Colonel Talley commanding, in front ; Third
Brigade, Colonel Baily commanding, in rear ; a third line commanded
by Colonel Herring. The attack of the Reserve Division was very success-

181

ful, but it was not supported, and there was no adequate result from
their brilliant charge. Colonel Talley was captured. The division was
commanded by Colonel McCoy, A. A. G. (General Crawford having been
injured). The division was withdrawn by Colonel Jackson, of the
Eleventh. " The troops held the line in front of the enemy during the
night of the 8th ; rations were issued at midnight, and early on Monday
morning the forces were rearranged for a renewal of the battle. The
Reserves were moved a short distance to the right to relieve a portion of
the Sixth Corps, where they laid down in the entrenchments until late
in the afternoon. During the day the First Brigade made a reconnais-
Bance to the Po River on the right."

The Second Corps had been stopped at Todd's Tavern on the 8th to
watch the enemy, to guard against an attack on the rear. On the 9th
the whole army was brought up; the Sixth Corps ou the left of the
Fifth, the Ninth Corps on the left of Sixth, and Second Corps on right
of Fifth, on the Po River.

Late in the afternoon Barlow's Division of Second Corps crossed the
Po River, but before it could be supported the rest of the Corps was
ordered to support the attack of the Fifth and Sixth corps. The attack
of the Second, Fifth and Sixth corps was against Laurel Hill; the
brigades of Webb and Carroll, of Gibbon's Division, had assaulted this
position at 11 A. M., and Cutler's and the Reserve divisions at 3 p. M.,
without success. Now a grand assault was made, after 5 p. M. , by the
Fifth and Sixth corps, wliich failed after heavy losses. General Rice,
of Fifth Corps, was killed. Upton's Brigade of the Sixth Corps car-
ried the entrenchments, but it was not supported.

May 11th was given up to rest and to moving the Second Corps to the
left of the army to make an assault there. May 12th Hancock made his
grand successful assault on " the Bloody Angle."

In regard to the controversy as to who was to blame for the failure
of the Union army to get to Spottsy Ivania Court House before the Con-
federates, General Humphreys (Chief of Staff) says: "Their (Confeder-
ate's) route was about three miles shorter than Warren's, who, when he
arrived at General Merritt's headquarters at 3.30 a. m., had marched as
far as they had when arriving at the point where their leading troops
met those of General Warren between 9 and 10 A. M. * * * The
Confederates had a clear route, no obstructions; they had time to rest
and breakfast before arrival of Fifth Corps. * * * The presence of
Fitz Lee's Cavalry on the Brock Road, Hampton's Cavalry and Long-

182

street's Corps on the Shady Grove Road, settled the question as to who
should first hold the Court House with infantry."

Of the labors of the Union army at this time it has been written :
*'No mere general statement can give any idea of the enormous
amount of labor, suffering and privation that befel the troops in these
continual shif Lings of the corps from point to point of the long line.
May 13th, the battle of the 12th having ended in Lee's retirement to an
inner and shorter line, it was resolved to attempt to turn his right flank.
With this view the Ffth Corps during the night of the 13th was
ordered to march from its position on the extreme right, to take post on
the extreme left, to the left of Burnside's command, and assault in con-
nection with that command at 4 P. M. on 14th. The march was begun
at IQ P. M. The wet weather had, however, badly broken up the roads,
and the night being one of Egyptian darkness, the move was made with
immense difficulty. The route of march was past the Landrum House
to the Ny River, which had to be waded. Across the Ny the route fol-
lowed no road but traversed the fields and a piece of woods where a
track had been cut. Here, midway of the journey, a dense fog arose
and covered the ground, so that not even the numerous fires that had
been built to guide the column could be seen.

The men, exhausted with wading through the mud knee deep and
in darkness, fell asleep all along the way. In addition to this, the
locality where the troops were to take position was quite unknown, and
at broad daylight, when the head of the column got to the left of Burn-
side's Corps, near the Fredericksburg Turnpike, the only troops on hand
with which to execute the meditated assault were 1,200 fagged out men
of Griffin's Division. It was 7 A. M. before Cutler got 1,300 men up."

May 14th, Jet House was occupied, abandoned and reoccupied. The
Sixth Corps had followed the Fifth Corps, so that on the 15th and 16th
Bimey's Division of Second Corps was on the right, then Burnside, then
Fifth Corps. On 17th the Second Corps, assisted by the Sixth and
Ninth, was ordered to return to the scene of its assault and make
another attack. The attack was made at 4 A. M. on the 18th, but the
enemy was found entrenched and attack failed. The Fifth Corps on
the 18th held the greater portion of the line of the Union entrench-
ments. Wari'en opened with his batteries to cover the attack.
; During the artillery firing a number of picked men, mostly Buck-
tails, were advanced close to the enemy's line in f I'ont of the First Brigade
of the Reserve Division (Colonel Hardin having reported for duty on

183

18tli was assigned to command the First Brigade), and strongly sup-
ported by skirmishers. It was hoped this good position could be held,
from which an attack could be made the next mornin.!?. The First
Brigade of the Reserves was relieved just before dark by Colonel Coul-
ter's Brigade; his men were warned to expect the enemy to try to drive in
this advanced picket line. When the enemy's expected attack was made,
two of Colonel Coulter's regiments made little resistance. "Whilst rein-
forcing his line and displaying his usual boldness, Colonel Coulter was
wounded, and the advance line lost.

The 19th was set for the next turning movement, but Ewell
attacked Tyler's Division of new troops on the road to Fredericksburg,
and delayed it. The Reserve Division was double quicked to the right
two or more miles. It passed by the lines of knapsacks left by Tyler's
men, and came up behind the left of his line of battle; his men were
standing up in line of bat.le and every few minutes blazing away at
nothing, unless a shot from a straggling Confederate could be called
something. It seemed impossible to stop this firing. The First Brigade
was ordered to advance in front of Tyler's left to see what was there.
The command, on accoimt of this unsteadiness of Tyler's troops, could
not be sent directly to the front; the brigade was fiied off to the left and
halted, where a skirmish line of the Bucktails was formed, and advanced
into the woods in front. The enemy had already retired. The Buck-
tails remained on picket all night. The next morning the writer rode
the picket line; finding all the pickets' shelter tents and blankets on the
enemy's side of large trees, he naturally inquired the reason of this
extraordinary state of affairs. The pickets said they received a blizzard
every little while from the Union line, and only an occasional shot from
the enemy's side. Yet these new troops had shown good pluck in resist-
ing E well's reconnaissance. Lee's veterans were surely as two to one of
such troops, however courageous. The division returned to its old
camp the next day.

In the meantime General Sheridan, with the greater part of the
mounted force, had gone on his raid in the rear of Lee's army, during
which the battle of Yellow Tavern occurred, and the famous Confeder-
ate cavalry leader. General Stuart, was killed. As a raid, this move-
ment of the Union cavalry was a success (Sheridan was the kind of
leader to make successes), but as a military movement, leaving the main
army short of cavalry at this supreme time, it was a military error.
The principal reason why the infantry was marched hither and thither

184

was to find out positions which the cavalry would have found for it.
The infantry was so much exhausted by marching, especially at night
and in rain, it had little stomach f(ir a fight when the attacks were
ordered.

The night of the 20th the Second Corps moved from the right of the
army in rear of the entire line to Massaponax Church, and next day,
preceded by Torbert's Cavalry, passed Milford Station, on the Freder-
icksburg and Richmond Railroad. The Second Corps reached Bowling
Green that evening and remained there till the 23d. The Fifth Corps
started on the morning of the 21st, followed in the afternoon by Burn-
side's command. In the night the Sixth Corps left its position. Lee
learned on 20th of tliis movement and sent Longstreet's Corps to head
off the Second Corps. Ewell's followed Longstreet's. Hill attacked
the Sixth Corps, which had been left to cover the rear of the army; Hill
was repulsed.

■•"■-" ;• •■■-•'-^"''■■f«w«««i.....^ ^.- ^ ;.«,.-■...;*«•.«.-.< <,.:7 !:..„,„ ..^v; %. .i,„,., ..,^, .v.=t*..«.-,. ,., -i

CHAPTER XIV.

NORTH ANNA AND BETHESDA CHURCH.

Tlie Reserve Division broke camp at Spottsylvania Court House,
at 12 M. on 2Ist, being on left of the Corps; marching rapidly it arrived
at Gurney's Station at 6 p. m. A small furce of the enemy's cavalry was
driven from the station by the Sixth Regiment and Bucktails. Captain
Pattee, in charge of the division pioneers, with men from the Tenth and
Bucktail regiments, captured Gatewood House on morning of 23d.
Colonel Gates, commanding Baxter's Brigade, reconnoitered on 22d
three miles beyond Gurney's Station, and saw the enemy moving south
in force.

The whole of Grant's army now pushed rapidly on toward the North
Anna. At 1 1 a. m. on 22d the Fifth Corps moved from Gurney's Station,
and marched down the telegraph road to Bowling Green, near which
place it bivouacked. The Reserve Division was in advance, having skir-
mishers covering its front; these latter searched houses and sought
information as well as guarded against a surprise.

The Fifth Corps moved early on 23d, passed the Second Corps at
Milford, and advanced to Jericho Ford on North Anna, where it crossed.
The Second Corps came up in the afternoon and took position to the left
of Fifth Coi-ps on the railroad. Advancing along the railroad it stormed
the Chesterfield or County bridge above railroad bridge. Thus the
Fifth and Second Corps crossed the North Anna at the points designated
for them. Between them was a space of three to four miles, which
Burnside's command was to occupy, and it was to cross at Quarles Mill
about half way between the crossings of Fifth and Second Corps.
But this command came up slowly and stopped on the left bank, mak-
no effort to cross. This enabled the Confederates to seize a point on
the river below Quarles Mill which they entrenched and held.

Griffin's Divis:ion, the head of the Fifth Corps, reached the North
Anna at 1 P. M., and before 2 p. m. was crossing. The river here has a
rocky bed and steep banks. It was difficult to make approaches for a
pontoon bridge. The water ran rapidly, and was about waist deep.
The men waded across. Griffin's Division was promptly formed on
the right bank, and advanced to the woods about half a mile from the

river, where it formed line of battle. The Reserve Division crossed and
advanced, and formed line on Griffin's left. Cutler was to come up ou
Griffin's right. Before he could get into position, the enemy, under
Wilcox, attacked Griffin; a fierce infantry fight now ensued. The
enemy were forcing Griffin s left back and about to gain an interval
which existed between Griffin's left and the First Brigade of the Reserve
Division. One regiment of First Brigade had been thrown to the rear
-and faced to the right, when two regiments of Cutler's Division, coming
from the rear, looking for their division, at the request of Colont 1 Har-
din, advanced to cover the interval above mentioned. They soon got
into the hot infantry fight on Griffin's left. They were of the right
material, and went in with a will; they forced the enemy back, and this
part of the line was fully restored.

The Reserve Division was in open ground; the First Brigade on the
right, Third on the left. The enemy opened about thirty pieces of
artillery on the division. As the division had not had time to entrench,
the men were under about as warm artillery fire as they ever had in the
open. Division Headquarters was driven back to the river for shelter.
The First Brigade Headquarters seized an icehouse, which was imfortu-
nately directly in rear of a farm house, which appeared to be the Con-
federate target. The ice house was blown up. About the same time
Colonel Hardin's horse was struck by a piece of shell. Soon after,
while posting Cutler's regiments. Colonel Hardin was himself struck by
a piece of shell.

The Bucktails, under Major Hartshorn, were sent out to take a
house in front of the division. They made a brilliant advance, captur-
ing the house and forcing the enemy to change the location of his
artillery.

In the meantime Cutler was attacked as he was coming into
position ou the right of Griffin, and a part of his command thrown into
confusion ; but the Eighty-Third Pennsylvania, Lieutenant-Colonel
McCoy commanding, struck Brown's Confederate Brigade in flank,
capturing Colonel Brown and several hundred men. This, and the good
work done on Griffin's front and by the BucktaUs, caused the Confed-
erates to cease the attack and to retire.

Early in the morning of the 24th the Fifth Regiment, Lieutenant-
Colonel Smith, and the Sixth, Colonel Ent, reconnoitered to the railroad
in front, captured some prisoners, and learned the enemy had left the
front of the Fifth Corps. The First Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart,

187

^rt, was sent early in the morning along the right bank of the river to
connect with Burnside's command. Colonel Stewart was informed that
Burnside's troops had crossed at Quarles Ford. Colonel Stewart
advanced until he came opposite to Burnside's command, who were
inclined to treat him as an enemy. They would not join him, so the
Reserve Division was ordered to go to Colonel Stewart's support and
hold the right bank for Burnside's command to cross behind them.

The division, advancing cautiously, succeeded in getting some dis-
tance below Colonel Stewart's position ; here it halted and entrenched
expecting every moment to be attacked. Burnside's troops now came
down to the river and went to washing, bathing and swimming, at the
same time halloomg and making all the noise they could as though
there were no enemy within miles. The writer was never so indignant
m his life. His troops were then in peril of their lives, and had been in
the utmost danger of capture since early in the morning, holding an
uncovered position on the right of the river within sight of the whole
Confederate army.

It took about six hours to get one of Burnside's Divisions over the
river and in position to attack. We all said then we would be better off
without Burnside's army, as it was then commanded. The enemy came
close up to our front and entrenched, whilst Ihis division of Burnside's
was getting over and into position. And when it attacked, as it did
about sundown, with considerable spirit, it struck entrenchments, lost
heavily, and gained nothing. General Meade was perfectly justified in
demanding that Burnside should be put under him, and his troops made
a, corps of the Army of the Potomac.

The withdrawal from the North Anna was begun at dark on 26th,
when the Second, Fifth and Sixth corps withdrew to the North bank!
The army moved east and south for the Pamunky. The Sixth Corps',
preceeded by two divisions of cavalry under General Sheridan, took the
advance the night of 26th, and on morning of 27th crossed the Pamunky
at Hanovertown. The Fifth and Ninth corps followed. The Second
Corps covered the rear.

The Reserves bivouacked on Mrs. Orman's plantation Friday
night: resumed the march next morning early, passing Hanovertown,
crossed the Pamunky, advanced two miles on the Mechanicsville Pike,
were formed in line of battle on extreme left of the army, and threw up
entrenchments facing southward. Late in the day the division changed
front and constructed rifle pits facing westward. By night the whole

188

army had formed line, facing westward, stretching from the Pamunky
across the Tolopotomoy, to a point near Coal Harbor. During the day
the cavalry fought at Hawes' Shop.

During the 29th (Sunday) the whole army advanced toward the
Chickahominy; only a skirmish line of the enemy found. On Monday
morning, 30th, Fifth Corps crossed the Tolopotomoy; Griffin's division
was ordered to advance on the direct road leading from Hanover Court
House to Richmond ; Crawford's Division to move forward on the
Mechanicsville Pike and to connect with Griffin's left. This latter
road was held by the enemy's cavalry, and in rear of this advance
guard was Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps. The Reserve (Crawford's)
Division (now composed of First and Third brigades of the Reserves
and Kitching's Brigade of new troops) was about one-half mile north
of Bethesda Church. A wood (country) road led south from position of
Crawford's Division to the Mechanicsville Pike.

The enemy's cavalry was supported by artillery, which early in the
day opened on the position of the Reserve Division. The Fifth Regi-
ment, being on picket, was ordered to advance and take a strip of
woods in its front which crossed the wood road. This regiment, being
armed with smooth-bore muskets, was unable to dislodge the enemy
from the strip of woods. The Tenth Regiment was ordered to relieve
the Fifth. It did so, and was deployed as skirmishers on the left of the
wood road, and tried to advance, but could not carry the strip of woods,
which by this time was strongly held by Confederate infantry skir-
mishers.

Directions were now received for the First Brigade (about 5 P. M.)
to advance in line and take this strip of woods. The Bucktails were
immediately deployed as skirmishers on the right of the wood road, and
the other regiments of the First Brigade formed in line of battle to sup-
port the line of skirmishers. The Bucktails, led by Major Hartshorn,
began to work across an old corn field, which lay between the woods on
one side and the strip of timber before mentioned, in a manner to excite
the admiration of friend and foe. Being deployed at our edge of the
timber, they made a rush into the open, which drew the enemy's fire.
The instant this fire began the Bucktails dropped. As soon as tho
enemy's fire slackened the Bucktails rcse and delivered a rapid fire of
three to five shots a piece from their breechloaders, advancing at the same
time. As soon as the enemy had loaded he began firing again : in an
instant the Bucktails literally disappeared. The enemy's fire diminish-

189

ing, the Bucktails again rose, delivered three to five shots in rapid suc-
cession, and ran for the enemys strii) of woods, which they cairied, the
enemy falling back to a houte where he made a short stand, but was
soon driven out and back to his main line, which the Bucktails dis-
covered to be about a quarter cf a mile beyond Bethesda Church. In
the meantime the First Brigade followed the skirmishers, and was soon
on the Mechanicsville Pike at Bethesda Church. The men were ordered
to tear down the fences and make a breastwork, and word was sent
back to the division commander that the enemy's skirmishers had been
driven back to his entrenched line, that reinforcements should be sent
up at once, or the First Brigade, which was half a mUe or more beyond
any support, having accomplished the object of its reconnaissance,
should be withdrawn.

The answer was to hold on where the brigade was, but no rein-
forcements came up. Soon the enemy formed a column of attack, con-
sisting of Rodes' Division; each brigade of it formed in line. This
column, five or six times the strength of the First Brigade, came down
the Mechanicsville Pike at a run, its left resting on the pike, and its
front extended off to the right. There had been only time for the First
Brigade of Reserves to pile up some fence rails and lay down behind
them, when this column came rushing over them. The volley cr two
delivered by our feeble force made no impression on the enemy; he ran
over and around the piles of rails, and his division headquarters' arrived
amidst the headquarters of the First Brigade before the latter could
extricate itself. The enemy was so confident of his ultimate success, he
did not stop to secure the First Brigade prisoners, but continued on'liis
charge down the pike.

The Confederate Headquartf rs and the First Brigade Headquarters
came together on the pike near Bethesda Church. Officers and men of
the First Brigade began at once to slip back by the wood road, and just
as the last of them had gotten clear of the enemy's rear, the Third Bri-
gade, Colonel Fisher commanding, came up by the flank on the Wood
Road. The disorganized but undismayed First Brigade immediately
joined the Third Brigade. About this time Colonel Kitcliing formed his
brigade on the ridge, opposite the point of the strip of woods heretofore
mentioned, and commenced firing on the Confederate column, which
still continued down the Mechanicsville Pike.

The Confederates, at last, finding they were moving in the wrong
direction, to wit, parallel to the Union line, halted and changed front.

190

In the meantime their rear had thrown out skirmishers along the pike,
who kept up a sharp fire on tlie First and Third Brigades and on Kitch-
ing's command. Colonel Hardin's command (the First Brigade) hav-
ing formed in with the Third Brigade, and it being plainly seen that the
enemy's division was charging front to charge us, he sent word to
Colonel Fisher to f.dl back to our line of battle, whilst he
would go to Kitching's command (near which he had arrived in
extricating himself and his headquarters from the Confederate column).
Kitching's men were standing up on the crest firing as fast as possible ;
Colonel Hardin went up to this line and tried his best to get the men to
lie down, as the skirmish fire (the only fire of the enemy) was dealing
destruction amongst them. No amount of persuasion nor orders could
make the men lie down ; Colonel Hardin then asked Colonel Kitching
to move his brigade back to his former position in the general line of
battle.

From Colonel Kitching's position we could now plainly see the
enemy forming to charge in our direction. Colonel Kitching now
ordered his command back, and Colonel Hardin hastened to the position
from which the First Brigade had started in making its reconnais=ance.
Every effort was now made by Colonel Fisher, Colonel Kitching and
Colonel Hardin to get a connected line formed to meet the expected
attack. A battery of artillery was posted so as to reach the open ground,
A slight breastwork which had been begun earlier in the day across the
wood road was finished. There was an interval between the right of
the Reserve Division and Griffin's Division. The Bucktails were placed
as a skirmish line to cover this interval. Whilst these were being placed y.
General Griffin rode up and, as there was now no firing and no enemy
in sight, he asked what we were making such preparations for. He
was requested to ride with the writer to the crest of the ridge at the
point of the strip of woods before mentioned, which he did or started to
do. Just after crossing the wood road we came face to face with the
same Confederate Headquarters, those of General Ramseur (an old army
acquaintance) commanding Rodes' Division, that the writer had lately
encountered. General Griffin called out, "I'm satisfied," and galloped
off to prepare his own division to receive the attack.

The Confederates charged apparently in column of brigade front, five
or six brigades deep. They succeeded in getting within fifty feet of our
lines, but were repulsed with very severe loss, whilst the loss to the
Reserve Division in tliis final attack was very slight. Part of the

191

eueniy's attack was against the ground held by the Bucktails, whose
fire seemed fairly continuous.

After the enemy was reptilsed, General Crawford got on the breast-
works and ordered a charge, but it was now dark, and the enemy had
withdrawn, leaving their killed and severely wounded behind. If the
enemy had advanced in the proper dirtction, as it was natural to sup-
pose he would, the First Brigade would have been destroyed or cap-
tured.

However, "all's well that ends well," and the Reserves in their last
battle, so near their first on the Peninsula, escaped with a compara-
tively small loss, and caused as large a loss proportionately to the enemy
as at ]\Iechanicsville. The Reserves then were about ten thousand
strong, and attacked by about twenty thousand. At Bethesda Church,
the Reserves were about two thousand five hundred, and attacked by
more than double their number.

General Grant, ordering an advance after the Battle of the Wilder-
ness, and especially after the misfortune on his right late in the evening,
(his communications were beliind his right) proved him to be superior in
generalship to any prior commander of the army of the Potomac. This
movement discouraged the Confederate rank and file, the Confederate
civil authorities, and the people from whom recruits for the Confederate
army were to be obtained.

The failure of the attacks of General Grant's armies in this cam-
paign, and the terrible losses in these attacks, were principally due to the
advantage the defensive has with modern weapons when the defensive
is properly conducted. General Lee's campaign is a model well worthy
of study. Other causes of these great losses were: that a large part of
General Grant's armies was composed of new troops, extremely brave,
but unable to cope fairly with Lee's veteran's in such a region as the
Wilderness and Uke country, through which this campaign was con-
ducted ; and, that General Lee had more experienced corps, division
and brigade commanders,

The writer would reinforce his opinion by such examples as: Burn-
side's failure at Fredericksburg; the failure of General Lee's grand
assault on third day at Gettysburg; the failure of General Sherman's
assault on Kenesaw Mountain— in fact, the real success of Sherman's
campaign began when his enemy, under General Hood, assumed the
offensive.

On May 31st the Reserve Corps was relieved from duty with the

192

Army of the Potomac; took leave of General Warren, commanding
Fifth Corps, and prepared for its departure to Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania, to be mustered out. About one thousand two hundred officers
and men returned to the State, and one thou- and seven himdred and
fifty-nine re-enlisted and formed the One Hundred and Ninetieth and
One Hundred and Ninety -First Pennsylvania regiments.

The veterans of the Twelfth Regiment went to the One Hundred and
Ninetieth Pennsylvania, Colonel Hartshorn.

On the 1st of June, General Crawford issued a farewell address to
the Corps.

"The Reserves marched down the North bank of the Pamunky, hav-
ing in charge six hundred Rebel prisoners, and a long train of ambu-
lances and wagons, carrying wounded soldiers to the transports at
Wliite House. The Reserves embarked there on the 3d, and sailed for
Washington, where they arrived on the following day. They went from
Washington to Harrisburg by rail, arriving at the latter city on the 6th.

There was a review for the Governor (Curtin), reception by the citi-
zens, much speech-making, and they were mustered out on the 11th of
June, 1864.

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CHAPTER XV.

BIOGRAPHIES AND MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

GENERAL MARTIN D. HARDIN
Was born at Jacksonville, Morgan County, Illinois, June 26, 1837.
He is a descendant of martial ancestry. His great-grandfather was
General John Hardin, of Kentucky, who commanded a company of
troops in Colonel Morgan's celebrated regiment of riflemen at the battle
of Saratoga, and was present at the capture of the British army under
General Burgoyne on 17th October, 1777. He subsequently distinguished
himself in the Indian wars, and finally fell a victim to their barbarous
treachery while negotiating a treaty of peace. His grandfather was
General Martin D. Hardiu, of Kentucky, who served with honor with
General Harrison in the war of 1812. His father was General John J.
Hardin, of Illinois, whose mother was a daughter of the distinguished
General Logan, of Kentucky. General John J. Hardin served in the
Black Hawk war in Illinois. Was a general of militia at the time of
the Mormon troubles in Illinois, represented his district (the one in which
the lamented Lincoln resided), in Congress, and raised the First
Illinois Volunteers and went to Mexico as its Colonel. He was killed
whilst gallantly leading his regiment at the battle of Buena Vista.

The subject of this sketch was appointed a Cadet at Large to the
West Point Military Academy in 1854, graduated in the artillery in

1859. His class was the first five year class at that academy.
Was breveted a second lieutenant in the Third United States Artillery
July 1, 1859, and ordered to report in September following at the
Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, Va. Served at this post until March,

1860. Accompanied a command from Fort Monroe, Va., to Harpers
Ferry to recapture the arsenal at that point, which had been seized by
John Brown and his followers. Served as Aid-de-Camp (temporary)
to Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. Lee, commanding regular troops at Har-
per's Ferry. Made a reconnaissance and official report of method of
defence of Harper's Ferry. Voluntei'red to join and joined a command
which was to endeavor to cross from the headwaters of the Missouri to

194

the headwaters of the Columbia River under command of Major Blake,
Left St. Louis, Mo., May 3, 1860; arrived at Fort Vancouver iu October
following. Joined Company " L," Third Artillery, at Fort Umpqua,
Oregon, October, 1861, having been promoted Second Lieutenant
(January 2d) in that company. Commanded Fort Umpqua, Oregon,
from Winter, 1860-61 to October, 1861. Returned to "States" with
light battery " C " of regiment (Third Artillerj-) Fall of 1861. In Camp
Barry, east of Capitol, November, 1861, to December 25, 1861. Promoted
First Lieutenant Company "H"May 14, 1861. Crossed the Potomac
with that company, Captain J. Stewart commanding, and served with
McCall's Division (Pennsylvania Reserves) Winter 1801-62. Company
" H " having been ordered March, 1862, to California, he requested
to remain East, and was ordered to report to Colonel 11. J. Hunt, ro:n-
manding Artillery Reserve as Aid-de-Camp. Served with Artillery
Reserve until July 8th, 1862. Was elected Lieutenant-Colonel Twelfth
Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves April 1st, 1862. Present at Yorktown,
Absent sick with swamp fever from the first of May to first of June,
Rejoined Army Potomac on Cnickahominy about June 12th, 1802.
Present in Seven Day's battles. Promoted Colonel Twelfth Regiment
Pennsylvania Reserves July 8th, 1862, and ordered by General McClel-
lan, commanding Army Potomac, to assume command of that regi-
ment. Assumed command July 8th, 1862.

Present in Greneral Pope's campaign. Was slightly wounded in
head, August 29, whilst commanding regimf-nt. Was assigned to com-
mand of Third Brigade Pennsylvania Reserve Division (Greneral Jackson,
the permanent commander, being sick) on afternoon of Au'^ust 30, 1862.
Was severely wounded in left breast whilst commanding said Third
Brigade, about 5 p.m. August 30, 1862 (battle of second Bull Run),
Absent on account of wounds from August 30, 1862, to December 18,
1862. Commanding Third Brigade Pennsylvania Reserves, December 1 8,
1862, to January 12, 1863. Absent, sick on account of wounds, January
12, 1863, to March 11, 1863, On Provost and Court Martial duty in
defences of Washington, March 11, 1863, to May 31, 1863. On
leave. May 31, 1863, to June 25, 1863. Rejoined regiment whil.-t
en route to Gettysburg. Commanded regiment at Battle of
Gettysburg. Commanding regiment at " Falling Waters." Com-
manded Third Brigade Pennsylvania Reserves in Rapidan Cam-
paign, September to December, 1863. Present at combat of Bristoe
Station, October 14, 1863. Rappahannock Station, November 7, 1863,

195

and Mine Run campaign, November 26 to December 3, 1863. In
command of two regiments of infantry and a squadron of cavalry
guarding Orange and Alexandria Railroad, December 3-14, 18G3.
Severely wounded by guerrillas, wliilst inspecting line of railroad,
December 14, 1833, losing left arm. Absent, sick on account of wounds,
December 14, 1833, to January 10, 1864. On Court Martial and Military
Commission in New York City and Boston, Mass., January 10 to Marck
26, 1864. • In command of draft Rendezvous at Pittsburg, Pa., March 26
to May 14 (?) 1864. Applied to rejoin regiment in field, joined May
18, 1864. Assigned to command of First Brigade Crawford's
Division (Pennsylvania Reserves) Fifth Corps, present at Battle of Spott-
sylvania, May 18-20, 1884; battle of North Anna, May 23, 1361, where
he was shghtly wounded by piece of shell; Battle of Talopotomoy, May
28, 1864 ; Battle of Bethesda Church, May 30, 1834. Mustered out with
the regiment, June 11, 1864. Oa sick leave on account of wounds, June
11, 1864, to July 8, 1331. Promoted Brigadier-General, July 2, 1863.
Assigned to command of defences of Washington, north of the Potomac,
July 8, 1864. Engaged in defence of the Capitol against General Early's
army, July 10-12, 1864. Relieved from command of the defences of
Washington, north of the Potomac, August 4, 1865. In command of
district of Raleigh, N. C, August 15, 1835, to January 15, 1866. On
leave of absence, January 15, 1868, to April 4, 1836. Mustered out as
Brigadier-General Volunteers, January 15, 1886. On recruiting service
at Chicago, III., April 4, 1833, to October 5, 1833. Pi'omoted Major
Forty -third U. S. Infantry, July 28, 1863. Superintendent of regimental
recruiting service, Detrioc, Mich., November 4, 1833, to Winter of 1863-7.
Acting Judge- Advocate Headquarters Department of the Lakes, Detroit,
Mich., Spring of 1867. On leave abroad, 1837-8. June, 1868. to April,
1869, on duty at Headquarters jf Department or commanding Fort
Wayne, Michigtn. Transferred to First U. S. Infantry, April, 1869.
Commandmg Fort Porter, Buffalo, N. Y., April, l'-69, to August, 1870.
Commanding Fort Gratiot, Michigan, August, 1870, to December 15, 1870.

Retired as Brigadier-General, December 15, 1870.

Brevet Captain, August 29. h, 1832, for gallant and meritorious
services at the battle of Grove ton, Va.

Brevet Major, August 30lh, 1863, for gallant and meritorious ser-
vices at the battle of Manassas, Va.

Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, December 14th, 1863, for gallant and
meritorious services in an encoiinter with a band of guerrillas.

196

Brevet Colonel, May 23d, 1864, for gallant ami meritorious services
at the battle of North Anna.

Brevet Brigadier-General, March 13th, I860, for gallant and meri-
torious services in the field during the Rebellion.

After he was retired General Hardin made his home in Cliicago,
111. Having read law in various oliices, (in Chicago, in Scammon,
McCogg & Fuller's) he was admitted to the bar in 1871, and practiced
law in Chicago actively for twelve years, although several times having
to take a rest on account of chills and fever which he had contracted at
Yorktown, Va. He married November 15th, 1864, Estelle Graham,
second daughter of IMajor James Graham, of San Francisco, California.
Has passed nine Winters in St. Augustine, Florida, at first on account
of severe attack of ague, afterward on account of the delicate health of
his wife, who died at Highland Falls, near West Poiat, N. Y., August
24th, 1890. Mrs. Hardin was one of the most beautiful and intellectual
women, and one of tlie loveliest characters of her day. She was remark-
ably well read, and by means of her extraordinary memory was never
amiss on a quotation or a work of art. Although so unusually well
informed, on account of her gentle, modest and retiring nature, few but
her friends (all who knew her were her friends) were aware of her
accomplishments. General and Mrs. Hardin had no children. The loss
of his beloved companion was a terrible blow to the survivor. General
Hardin was for a long time an active member of the Chicago Literary
Club; he has written many articles for societies to n-hich he belongs, for the
magazines, etc. He is also an accomplished horseman, a good shot, an
ardent and successful fisherman, and an excellent swimmer even since he
lost his arm ; is passionately fond of small boat sailing and of mountain
cUmbing. He is a professed Christian of the Roman Catholic faith.

JOHN HENRY TAGGART.
Colonel John H. Taggart, editor and senior proprietor of Taggarts'
Times, of Philadelphia, was born in Georgetown, Kent County, Md., on
the 22d of January, 1821. His father and mother were both Maryland-
ers, the former being a native of Cecil, and the latter of Kent County,
on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. After the death of his
father, Henry L. Taggart, he came to Philadelphia, in 1829, with his
mother and sister, where he resided up to the breaking out of the
Rebellion in 1861. In May, 1844, he married Miss Elizabeth Graham, a

197

native of Philadelphia, by whoi:i he had six sons and four daughters, of
whom only four, two sons and two daugliters, are now living (1888).

He is a practical printer, and began setting type when only ten
years old, on the old National Gazette, published by William Fry. After
it ceased publication, about 1840, he became a compositor on the Public
Ledger, and, except abou*^^ six months in the latter part of 1849, when he
published a weekly military papi-r, called the Pennsylvania Volunteer^
he remained on the Public Ledger, setting type until 1858, when he
accepted a position as a reporter on the Sunday Mercury; next he w^as
employed as a reporter on the Puhlic Ledger for about a year; then on
Forney's Press, till the early part of 1860. At tliat time he bought a
half interest in the Sunday Mercury, and it was then published by Jones
& Taggart, the senior partner being George W. Jones.

Colonel Taggart had a taste for military exercises, and was for
many years connected with the Washington Blues, Captain William C.
Patterson, of Philadelphia, and carried a musket in defence of the civil
authorities in the Kensington and Southwark riots of 1844. After the
attack on Fort Sumter, in 1861, he raised a company of one hundred
and two men in Philadelphia, called the Wayne Guards, which was
accepted by Governor Curtin as part of the Pennsylvania Reserve
Volunteer Corps. Captain Taggart marched his company to Harrisburg
on the 7th of June, 1861, and remained in Camp Curtin for several
weeks in command of it and the camp, until the 25th of July of that
year, the day on which the Twelfth Regiment of the Reserve Corps was
organized, when he was elected Colonel, and placed in command of the
regiment. During this lime he rendered efficient service in preventing
a serious riot on the return of the three months' enlisted men, who were
discharged in Harrisburg before being paid off, and great dissatisfaction
existed at the delay of the paymasters, who were threatened with per-
sonal violence. For his prudence on this trying occasion Colonel Tag-
gart received the warm commendation of Governor Curtin. Soon after
this, the regiment was ordered to Washington, and formed part of the
division of Pennsylvania Reserves, under command of Brigadier-Gen-
eral George A. McCall. Colonel Taggart's regiment was assigned to
the Third Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General E. O. C. Ord.
Colonel Taggart, in command of his regiment, took part in the battle of
Dranesville, December 20, 1861, and for his gallantry in action was
recommended for Brevet Brigadier-General by General E. O. C. Ord,
who commanded the Tliird Brigade in that brilliant engagement, which

198

was the first Union success after the first disastrous battle of Bull Run
and the massacre at Ball's Bluff in the Fall of 1861. Colonel Taggart
was also highly complimented by General George A. McCall, in his offi-
cial report of the battle of Mechanics ville, in the first of the seven days'
battles in front of Richmond, Va., for gallantly defending EUersons
Mill against an overwhelming force of the enemy.

Colonel Taggart also commanded his regiment in the battles of
Gaines' Mill, New Market Cross Roads and Malvern Hill in the Seven
Days' Battles. He resigned his commission as Colonel July 8, 1863, and,
after the dissolution of the partnership with Mr. Jones, Colonel Taggart
again returned to the army as a war correspondent for the Philadelphia
Inquirer, and in that capacity was at the first battle of Fredericksburg,
of Gettysburg and other engagements.

In the beginning of 1864 he was selected by the Supervisory Com-
mittee for Recruiting Colored Troops in Pliiladelphia as Chief Preceptor
of the " Free Military School for Applicants for the Command of Col-
ored Troops," which proved a great success, as upwards of one thousand
of the students passed General Silas Casey's examination board in
"Washington, and more than five hundred were commissioned as officers
in the Union army to command colored troops. This school was organ-
ized under the authority of Secretary of War E. M. Stanton, and was
supported by the contributions of the patriotic citizens of Philadelphia.

After the close of the War of tlieRebelhon, Colonel Taggart, in 1865,
was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First District of
Pennsylvania, one of the largest in the State. He held this position for
nearly a year, and afterwards removed to Washington City, where he
became a correspondent for the Inquirer, Evening Telegraph, Evening
Bulletin, and Sunday Dispatch, of Philadelphia, Cincinnati Times and
Chicago Repuhlica7i. He remained in Washington till the fall of 1869,
when he removed his family to Philadelphia, and in November of that
year bought the Sunday Horning Times, published by Robert C. Smith
& Co. This was enlarged several times, and now enjoys a large and
prosperous share of business. Colonel Taggart is a vigorous and
aggressive editorial writer, devoting much attention to the reform of
local abuses, by which he has established for his paper a reputation of
fearless independence and as a staunch advocate of the rights of the
people. In 1871 he associated with him his eldest son, Harry L. Tag-
gart, under the firm style of John U. Taggart & Son. In October, 1873,
the publication office was removed from the northeast corner of Third

199

and Dock streets to 819 Walnut street, where they afterwards erected a
handsome and spacious building, expresbly designed as a newspaper
office, with extensive back buildings containing the press-room, stereo-
typing and composing rooms. The name of the paper has been changed
from tlie Sunday Morning Times to Taggarrg Times, by which it is
known far and wide. Colonel Taggart is the editor-in-chief ; Harry L.
Taggart, managing editor ; and William M. Taggart, business manager.
At the Presidential election in 18SS, Colonel Taggart was chosen as a
Republican elector for the First Congressional District of Penasylvania,
and in January, 1889, voted for Harrison and Morton in the Electoral
College, which met at Harridburg.

COLONEL RICHARD GUSTIN
Was born at Frankford, Sussex County, New Jersey, July 5, 1827. His
father was William Gustin ; mother, Mary Gustin, Colonel Gustin's
parents were wealthy, and he had the best means of being educated.
Attended school in Sussex County, New Jersey, and afterwards iu New
York City. S on after finishing his schooling, his father, through com-
mercial misfortune, lost his wealth ; he moved to Bradford County,
Pennsylvania, in 1844. Young Richard went into his uncle's store ; not
liking this bu iness he learned photography (probably to take daguer-
reotypes), a business not so easily learned then as now. He taught
school a short time. After perfecting himself in the photographic busi-
ness he went to Topeka, Kansas, where he invested Lis savings iu real
estate. He also contracted for buildings and took part pay in real
estate. The Kansas troubles coming on he took the Free State side
against the so-called Border Ruffians. Was Captain of a company.
When the Free State party was overcome he left Kansas and returned
to Pennsylvania (1858), and took up his residence near Troy, Bradford
County, where he married Emily Stull, of Elmira, New York. She
lived only six months. In May, 1861, he raised the Troy Guards and
was elected Captain.

Colonel Gustin's military career was so extensive, and his services
so numerous and useful to his country, they can only be described by a
history of the command with which he served. He was never absent
from du y. He led his company in every engagement until his rank as
Senior Captain of his regiment entitled him to lead his regiment. As
Lieutenant- Colonel of his regiment, he commanded the regiment a great
part of the time, and occasionally the brigade. He was ever the most

200

conspicuous member of his command when the fighting was going on.
He was one of the few men who seemed born without fear. He was
repeatedly selected to lead the skirmishers— in short, he was one of the
fightii-.g fiekl officers of the famous Tliird Brigade, Pennsylvania
Reserves.

After the war he went to Topeka, Kansas, but could recover only
about thirty-one lots out of much real estate to which he had claims.

He was married a second time, August 1, 1864, to Maria H. AVliite,
who survives him. He lived in Troy four years, then purchased a farm
in the town of Jackson, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, and lived there
until his unfortunate death, which occurred April 12, 1877. He had four
children, George H. and Richard, and two daughters. The eldest

daughter married , and lives in Philadelphia. Hi»

eldest son is studying medicine.

Colonel Gustin's death is described by an Elmira newspaper as follows:
" Colonel Richard Gustin, of the town of Jackson, Tioga County, Penn.,
met wilh a fearful death in Elmira at the Water street crossi-g at half-
past two o'clock yesterday afternoon. He was driving a spirited team
of horses when they became frightened at a man throwing dirt out of a
ditch. They sprang out of the control of Colonel Gustin and ran down
the street at a furious rate. A freight train was passing down the
track and the horses ran furiously into it, upsetting the wagon and
throwing Colonel Gustin tlierefrom under the wheels of the cars. Before
help could come to him fully three cars passed over him, crushing his
left leg and lower part of his body in a fearful manner. He was
carried to the office of Dr. J. M. Flood, and an attempt made to relieve
him. He was past human help. * * * He lived but a few moments
after arriving at the office.''

Colonel Gustin, like many excellent officers, retired from the exciting-
scenes of the war to the quiet but more useful life of a farmer. That he
succeeded ia this business as he had as a soldier is shown by the fol-
lowing " Interesting Memorial Services ":

"Agreeably to a resolution passed and noticed in last week's Advocate,
a goodly number of the members of Millerlon Grange, No. 377, met at
the house of widow Gustin, Saturday afternoon, June 3d. Worthy
Master Tilliughast, assisted by Worthy Overseer Hamilton, planted a
beautiful tree (Norway Spruce) in memory of Colonel Gustin, late
Worthy Master of said Grange. A hymn, 'We will Gather at the
River,' was sung, prayer offered by Rev. A. Ensign, and appropriate

201

and feeling remarks were made by Rev. A. J. Blanchard. The Rev. A.
Ensign, being called, spoke partly as follows: ' * * * In assembling
here to-day to plant this tree in memory of Colonel Richard Gustin, late
Master of Millerton Grange, No. 377, we do all — yea, more than has been
described. At the first call of his country he hastened to the front.
Knowing no fear, he met hand to hand and foot to foot conflict with
the enraged foe, canopied by the sulphurous cloud. Often faint, starved
and weary, under the broiling sun, bent by the howling storm, he firmly
stood for one country and one flag. But his career of usefulness stopped
not as the clarion's sound of war ceased to vibrate the air of his native
land. As the banner of his counti-y draped its fokls in pi-ace, he
unfurled the patron's flag, beat his sword into the ploughshare that
marked his battle lines; Lis spear into the pruning hook, and turned his
great genius and mature judgment, like Cincinnatus of o'd, into the
noble, God-planned work of the husbandman. Here his constant
excelling, his honest mien, his high social qualities, his deep devotion to
the best interests of his fellow men, his cheerfulness, like sunbeams of
midsummer, warmed and enlivened all upon whom they fell. His deeds
of kindness were scattered to all with a princely hand.' " * * *

Colonel Gustin was a noble specimen of the American character.
A kind and loving husband and father, a courageous and skillful soldier
and a useful and successful citizen, whose death created a great void in
his neighborhood, and whose memory will ever be cherished by his
family and friends.

GENERAL CHARLES W. DIVEN
Was the son of Thomas N. and Evelina (Barton) Diven ; was bom in
Huntingdon County, Penn., July 27th, 1831. At sixteen he went to
Mexico and served through the entire contest in Geary's regiment. In
May, 1861, came out with "Bailey's Invincibles" as First Lieutenant,
afterward Company " G " Twelfth Regiment. Served in command of
thii company through Peninsular and Pope's campaigns, and in the
battles of South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, in Gettys-
burg battle and succeeding campaign, promoted Major for gallant and
meritorious services in the field, and served as such through Grant's
campaign to muster out of the regiment. After the muster out of the
Twelfth Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserves, General Diven raised the
Two Hundredth Pennsylvania Regiment and joined Grant's army before
Petersburg. This regiment contained many men who had served in the

203

Twelfth Reserves, who so leavened the spirit of the regiment that it stootl
like a veteran regiment at the battle of Fort Steadman, where Colonel
Diven was wounded by explosion of a shell. For his distinguished ser-
-vices at this bat' le Colonel Diven was breveted Brigadier-General. After
the war General Diven was prominent in the politics of the State, holding
for a number of yeai-s the office of Custodian of the State Arsenal.
General Devin was noted for his " coolness and calmness in battle." He
had a gentle and most kindly disposition. He was a great sufferer in
his last years. His children were very delicate, and one by one passed
away, so that now that our dear friend has himself passed to the homo
of the good and the noble, there remains only his greatly bereaved
widow and his many friends to mourn for him.

O. H. MILLER, CHAPLAIN,
"Was born June 22, 1822, near Murraysville, Westmoreland County,
Penn., hard by the place where the original Murraysville gas well was
drilled. His parents, Joseph Miller and Mary Newton Miller, were of
Scotch-Irish extraction and had five sons in the army. He was educated
at and graduated from Washington and Jefferson colleges, 1843, and
the Western Theological Seminary, 1846. He was licensed to preach in
1846 and ordained in 1847. His first charge was in Ligonier Valley,
Westmoreland Covmty, Penn. His second pastorate, from 1848 to 1858,
was in Lebenon Presbyterian Church, Allegheny County, Penn., near
Pittsburgh. After two years' missionary service in Iowa he returned to
New Florence, Westmoreland County, Penn,, where he was settled as
a pastor when the war broke out. Many of Company " II," Twelfth
Regiment, P. R. V. C, were from his congregation in Indiana County,
and in due time he found himself Chaplain of the regiment. After the
war he was settled as pastor of the church in West Newton during five
years. In 186!) he became connected with the State School Department,
where in his third year of service he was appointed by Governor Gerry
State Librarian for a term of three years, and was re-appointed for a
like term by Governor Hartranft, From Harrisburg he returned to
Pittsburgh and soon was elected Chaplain of the Allpghany County
Workhouse. After serving over five years he was disabled by an attack
of catarrh, which necessitated his retirement to a fruit farm overlooking
the Alleghany, and on the lino of the A. V. R. R., eighteen miles above
Pittsburgh, near Arnold Station, but a little above Parnassas. He
writes : *' If you will call and see me I will show you the largest variety

203

of apples, peaches, pears, quinces, plums, apricots, nectarines, English
walnuts, Japan and American chestnuts, with the various small fruits,
hennery, apiary, etc., etc.

These are not all yet of bearing age, but many of them are."

He has two sons, J. Kerwin Miller and J. Wilson IMiller, dealers in
wall paper, 543 Smithfield street, Pitt^burgh.

Four daughters, one a graduate of the Pittsburgh Female College,
and one a graduate of the School of Design.

Still preaches occasionally. His health has entirely recovered as a
result of out door life.

MAJOR HENRY S. LUCAS
Was born in Wells Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, January
3, 1S35. His parents were of sturdy stock, his ancesters on his father's
side being Scotch-Irish. Traces of them are first found in Chemung
County, New York, while that county was yet a wilderness. The
mother of Major Lucas, Lucy H. Potter, traces her ancestry back to
the Plymouth Colony. Uriah Lucas, the father of Henry, was a fron-
tiersman in the truest sense, whose rough but healthful life was spent
in felling the timber and cleai'ing the land which formed his homestead
in Wells Township, Bradford County, Penn. Here, amid these surround-
ings of incredible hardships and toil, Henry S. Lucas was born, and here
he spent the years of his boyhood in helping to hew a home out of the
wilderness and provide a living for a rapidly increasing family. For
about two months each Winter, until bis thirteenth year, he attended
school, usually presided over by a lady. He then left the old log school
house, which had served the double purpose of a school hou59 and a
place of worship on Sunday for the Methodists. With such schooling as
he had received, and the assistance rendered by his mother at home, he
had become able to read well, though without having made any special
literary progress, his surroundings having been better calculated to
develop the perceptive faculties and muscular powers than his scholas-
tic abilities. During the next five years he was employed at home, and
among the neighboring farmers at farm labor, manfully performing his
share of the work, and becoming inured to all the duties of seed time
and harvest. At the age of eighteen years he apprenticpd himself to
a saddle and harness manufacturer, and was duly initiated into the mys-
teries of that business. Three years of incessant toil by day, and of
study by night, brought him to the age of which all young men are so

2U4

delighted to reach, and found him an expert in his chosen business, as
well as with his stock of knowledge in all the common branches very
much increased. Five years later, viz., April 20, 1861, found him at his
bench in the same shop where he commenced to learn his trade. He
then enlisted as a private, and was subsequently elected First Lieutenant
of a company which proceeded to Harrisburg, Penn. , and became Com-
pany " C " of the Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves. He was
appointed adjutant of Camp Curtin by the commander. Captain Tar-
button, and served in that capacity until the regiment was sent to the
front, after the first Battle of Bull Run. He also acted as Adjutant of
the regiment until the Fall of 1861.

While lying in Camp Pierpont, Virginia, Lieutenant Lucas was
taken suddenly ill with camp fever, and was delirious for some days,
but he did not leave camp. With his regiment he participated in the
battle of Dranesville, and in the seven days' battles in front of Richmond,
being wounded and captured at the battle of Glendale, June 30th, 1862.
He was promoted to Captain July 8th, 1862, and exchanged about
August 20th, 1862.

He immediately joined his command, participating in the battles of
Groveton, second Bull Run, South Mountain, and Antietam, where he
was slightly wounded but did not leave his command. He marched
with the regiment into Virginia and led his company in the charge at
Fredericksburg, where he lost over 75 per cent, of his force and was
again severely wounded. He recovered and rejoined the r» giment in
time to take i^art in the muddy march under Burnside. Later, he led
his company at Gettsyburg, Williamsport, Wapping Heights, Bristoe
Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, and Spottsylvania Court House, where
(in the latter engagement) he was again severely wounded and taken
from the field. He was mustered out June 11th, 1864, at Harrisburg,
Penn. Was breveted Major, March 13th, 1865, for meritorious con-
duct at the battle of Antietam. As an ofiicer and soldier, he won the
respect and confidence of his superiors. His love of country, his pru-
dence and coolness under the most trying circumstances, his watchful
care for his soldiers, as well as his personal purity and integrity, are
traits which his comrades will never overlook or forget.

Upon his return from the army he located at Williamsport, Penn. , and
commenced the manufacture of harness in all its various branches, and
in January, 1865, was married to Miss Maitha E. Pinkham, of Tioga
County, Penn.

205

About April 1st, 1876, he retired from active business, since which
time he has been variously occupied in clerical positions, having served
as Deputy Prothonotary, Deputy Sheriff, and in other clerical positions
about the Court House. He recently held the position of Bookkeeper at
the United States Court House and Post Office, now being erected at
Williamsport. Since 1871 he has held the position of Oil Inspector,
under appointment of the State.

IQ the poHtical field, Major Lucas has always been active and pro-
mment in his county, having served as Chairman of his party's City and
County Committees. He has also served three terms as a member of
Common Council for the city. In politics he is a Democrat, and, like
all Democrats reared in his native county, a stiff one.

• During the Hancock campaign he was a member of the State
Veteran Executive Committee. He is a man of positive convictions
aud shows his Scotch blood in the persistency with which he maintains
an opinion or a position where he thinks he is right. The Major has
not forgotten how to use the rifle, even in civil hfe, and is an expert at
bringing down large game. He was for several years president of a
fish and game club for the protection of game.

Although he bears upon his person the scars of wounds received in
preserving the Republic, the Major retains his fine appearance of physi-
cal strength, and is as erect and soldierly lookmg as ever; he goes in and
out among his fellow men quietly, serenely and unostentatiously, never
showing undue excitement, and never loosing his balance; he stiU shows
signs of having a large reserve force. He is a man who bears close
acquaintance, a man who is instinctively accorded respect by aU who
meet him. A man, in brief, among men. It needs but a casual
acquaintance with him to discover that he possesses all the qualities to
make him a political or military leader.

CAPTAIN SCHELLING.
His father was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in 1800 or 1801
Came to Philadelphia about 1815, in which city he followed the trade of
shoemaker. About 1828 married Miss Mary Piral, of Bethlehem, Pa.
who came from the old Moravian stock. From this union nine children
were born. Captain Schelling being the eldest. He was born May 7th,
1829, at Philadelphia. His parents had little of this world's goods'
therefore they could give their children only a common school educa-
tion. Four brothers served in the late war. One was killed at

206

Fredericksburg. Captain Schelling remained with his parents, and
served bis time as apprtnt ce at house and bign painting. February 9th,
1847, he enlisted as a private in Eleventh U. S. Infantry, and
was sent with a detachment to Fort McIIcniy, Baltimore ; remained
there with SCO officers and men for three weeks, when embarked on
bark Paoila for Vera Cruz, Maxico.

The enlistment was for three years or the war ; he was assigned to
Company " II," Eleventh United States Infantry, commanded by
Captain F. Fippen, regiment commanded by Colonel Graham.

Landed at Vera Cruz after the city had been captured by General
Scott; remained there till 9th or lOih of April, when he continued with
his command to city of Mexico. " After a good deal of fighting with the
enemy, this command reached the city and captured it." Colonel Gra-
ham was killed at Molino del Key. The war being over, on the 9th
February, 1848, his regiment returned to Vera Cruz, and then
embarked on ship American and arrived at Fort Ilamilton, N. Y., and
was mustered out of United States army, August 15th, 1848, receiving
honorable discharge and pay. Went back to Easton, Penn., and
followed liis occupation of painter. Married Miss Sarah Snyder, of
Eastor, Penn., September 2, 1849. Has Lad nine children ; three sons,
six daughters, all living except one son.

Belonged to military company of Easton, called "Citizen's Artil-
lery." Followed occupation of painting till breaking out of the late
war. With Major Baldy, helped to raise " Easton Guards." This
company offered its services to the State, May 6th, 1861. May 14th,
1861, company accepted and left for Harrisburg, and went into Camp
Curtln and became " E" Company, Color Company Twelfth R serves.

Captain Schelling served in command of "E" Company until
August 30, 18C2, when he was severely wounded. Returned to duty
before Gettysburg and served in command of his company till Septem-
ber 1, 1863, when he was transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. Reported
to Colonel Rush ; was sent out to Fourteenth street, Washington, D. C,
to organize five companies of men from the field and from the hospitals
of Washington, D. C, to arm and equip them and forward them to the
different provost marshals in diffeient States. Was ordered to report
to Colonel Bomford at Harrisburg, Penn., who assigned Captain Schell-
ing to " D" Company, Sixteenth United States Veteran Reserves, com-
manded by Charles M. Provcst, formerly of One Hundred and Eighteenth
Pennsylvania (Corn Exchange Regiment). All men from "D"

207

Company were from the front and had been wounded, but were able to
carry muskets ; were well drilled and disciplined and did excellent and
hard work. They were from Massachusetts, Illinois, Michigan, Penn-
sylvania and Vermont regiments. Commanded this company to
end of his service. On G, C. M. here, then ordered to Chambersburg,
Penn. ; arrived October 3, 1863, under orders of General Couch ; did
provost duty taking prisoners to Fort Delaware, etc.; was ordered to
Elmira, N. Y. , December 25. A. banquet given his command at Cham-
bersburg. Joined Sixteenth United States Veteran Regiment at Elmira ;
l^erformed provost duty and had charge t f camp here for deserters and
bounty jumpers ; remained six months, when company and its ofiBcers
ordered to report to General Pitcher, Provost Marshal of Vermont, at
Brattleboro. "Whilst here Captain Sclielling applied to Secretary of War
to join his eld regiment in the field ; was refused. Received a commis-
sion from President Lincoln ; remained here three months, then ordered
back to regiment at Elmira with Company " D." There was a prison
camp of 21, COO rebel prisoners here; remained six months, then
ordered with company to Ilarrisburg ; remained here one month ; com-
pany then split up and sent to different places. Headquarters of com-
pany at HoUidaysburg. Were acting as provost guard along the
Pennsylvania Railroad. With company ordered to escort body of Mr.
Lincoln from depot to House of Representatives at Harrisburg. Acted
as guard of honor as far as Albany, N. Y. Returned to Harrisburg ;
then to HoIUdaysburg, and then with company to Braddock's Fields,
near Pittsburg, where West Pennsylvania Volunteers were mustered
out, Major Morehead, being mustering officer, had charge of Govem-
men property, ordnance, camp and garrison equipage, etc.

Was here mustered out September 13, 1866. Residence, 151 Rose
street, Easton, Penn.

COLONEL CHILL. W. HAZZARD,

DEPARTMENT COMMANDER G. A. R, PERSONAL SKETCH OP TEOS

DISTINGUISHED OFFICER AND CIVILIAN.

Yesterday's session of the Grand Encampment of the Grand Army of
the Republic of the Department of Pennsylvania was occupied in ballot-
ing for Department Commander, Senior Vice-Department Commander,
Medical Director, Council of Administration and delegates t o the National
Encampment. Colonel Chill, W. Hazzard, of Post 60, Monongahela

208

City, was elected Department Commander, the vote being as follows :
Hazzard, 153 ; William A. Stone, of Post 88, Allegheny City, 145.

Colonel C. W. Hazzard, of Monongahela City, Washington County,
is a volunteer army officer of high reputation, and one of the best known
members of the Grand Army of the Republic in the Union. He was
among the original number who organized the society under the leader-
ship of United States Senator John A. Logan, of Illinois, some twelve
years ago, and has been actively engaged in the work ever since. He
has never before held any department office, though he was frequently
named for different positions of trust, because he invariably declined to
allow the use of his name. He was, however, a delegate to the National
Encampment during the years 1878 and 1879, held at Albany, New
York, and Springfield, Massachusetts, respectively. He permitted his
name to be used for the first time at this session for Department Com-
mander, and though his chief competitor, William A. Stone, Esq., of
Allegheny City, came to the Encampment with the united support of liis
city, Pittsburg, the county and the earnest aid of numbers of individual
members, Colonel Hazzard was elected. The result is more than an
ordinary compliment, because the votes for both candidates were unsol-
icited, and are therefore the ^ oluntary expression of a general senti-
ment which carefully measui-ed the two men and then decided. Mr.
Stone is the rising young lawyer at the Western Pennsylvania bar, an
able practitioner and in a large and and lucratvie practice.
hazzard's military record.

Hazzard entered the volunteer service as a private in Company " F,"
Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, the Forty-First of the line,
in May, 1861, and the regiment was mustered into the State service for
three years. On August 10, 1861, the Twelfth Regiment was mustered
into the United States service. Private Hazzard was promoted to Lieu-
tenant, September 10, and to Captain, Company " I," April 20, 1863, and
was breveted March 13, 1864. As Captain, he w^as transferred to the
staff as miistering officer, and served in tliis capacity with General S.
W. Crawford and General William McCandless. He received his brevet
as Major for gallant and meritorious conduct in the Battle of the Wilder-
ness, in 1864, at the hands of General George G. Meade. Since the war
closed he has been connected with the National Guard of Pennsylvania.
He was Adjutant-General of the Eighth Division under the old regime,
commanded by General Gallagher. On the reorganization and con-
solidation of the National Guard under Major-General Hartranft, he

209

was made Inspector-General of the Fourth Brigade, commanded by
General James A. Beaver, with the rank of Colonel.

HIS CAREER AS A CIVILIAN.

Colonel Hazzard is the editor of the Moiiongahela RepuNican, Wash-
ington County ; lias been in the office for twenty -six years, and has been
the owner for the past fifteen years. He is also Secretary of the Penn-
sylvania, Ohio and West Virginia Press Association, to which position
he has been unanimously elected for the past six years. He is President
of the Washington County Veteran Association, having been elected
three times, and Secretary of the Pennsylvania Reserve Association, a
position he has held for the past eight years. By the partiality of his
fellow citizens and approval of the President, he enjoys the emoluments
and honor of the Postmastership of Monongahela City. In tlie height
of the Junior P. O. S. of A. furor he published and edited the Junior's
Friend and presided over the first State Convention of the Juniors at
Altoona. He continues a member of the P. O. S. of A., and is promi-
nently connected with the Masonic order.

Personally, Colonel Hazzard is a man of fine appearance, tall, broad-
shouldered, has a well-knit frame, and looks every inch a soldier. His
career shows laim to possess a high order of administrative ability,
tenacity of purpose and superior judgment. While exhibiting a suavity
of manner, combined with an attractive personal address, he maintains
an agreeable dignity, indicative of a mental reserve power which gives
weight to his opinions. There is no more captivating speaker in the
order, and he numbers his friends by legions. His elevation to the
ofiice of Department Commander is an honor he has richly deserved by
years of faithful devotion, and the Department is to be congratulated
upon its choice. Where Hazzard leads every member of the Order may
foUow.

CAPTAIN JAMES BAKER, "l" COMPANY,
Was bom and raised on a farm adjoining my (Lieutenant F. D. Stevens)
father's farm in Huntingdon County, Penn. He followed the trade of
stone mason for several years. At time he entered the service he was
proprietor of an hotel in Orbisonia. He died at Harrison's Landing,
Virginia, August 7th, 1862. Seven brothers were in the army, three of
whom died of disease while in the service; one of them in a Rebel pri-
son. One died very soon after being discharged for disability; one wa»
wounded in battle. Only one of the seven is now living.

_ . . 210

LIEUTENANT FRANK D. STEVENS
Was born March 13, 1841, in Huntingdon County, Penn. His father's
name was Benedict Stevens, his mother's maiden name was Eve Orr; his
father was a farmer. When he was seventeen his father quit the farm
and engaged in mercantile business, and he was placed as an apprentice
at house carpentry. Two years later he determined to have an educa-
tion. Having had a fair common school training, he entered a semin-
ary. Spring of 1860. ^Taught the following Winter. Spring of 1861,
enlisted as a private in three month's service ; went with company
eighteen miles to Mount Union, where expected to get transportation
to Harrisburg, but were too late, the call having been filled, and were
compelled to return to their homes. Returned to school during Summer,
and taught again following Winter. In February, 1862, he again
enlisted, and on March 13, the day he was twenty-one, he left his home
with the company. Some time in April they joined the Twelfth Regi-
ment as Company " I." In May he was promoted from private to
Orderly Sergeant. Was engaged in firht and second days' batth s on
Peninsula. On second day was taken prisoner and confined in Rich-
mond. Being sick for several days previous to the battle, he grew
worse until four weeks after his capture, when he was paroled, barely
in time to escape with his life. In hospital several months, and then in
Camp Parole.

About December 1, 1862, he, with others, was sent to his regiment.
There arising some doubt about Ms exchange, it was decided not to
place him on duty. But, at his request, he went on duty Docember 10,
and on December 13 went into Fredericksburg battle, where he received
two wounds ; one serious, on head, other slight, on arm. Sent to
Alexandria Ho-pital, thence, later, to Rhode Island. In March, 1863,
was ready for duty, and joined the regiment. A few weeks later was
commissioned Second Lieutenant, to date July 18, 1862, and was
mustered in. Was with company and on duty in every battle with the
regiment from thattima until re^^i nent left the field for muster out, May
31, 1864, except tme battle, at which time he was off duty on account of
sickness. He commanded company from abotit July (soon after Gettys-
burg) until May 31, 1864, Captain and First Lieutenant being on detached
service. On the 8th of May, 1864, his brother, David W. Stevens, who
was a Sergeant in his company, was kUIed in ba tie. The following day lie
•wrapped his body in his own blanket and was placing him in his grave just
at the moment that General Sedgwick fell a few rodp from the spot.

211

On Miy 31 his company was made Company "D," One Hundred and
Ninetietli Regiment Veteran Volunteers, and he was placed in command
of company. In June he was commissioned First Lieutenant. On June
13, while his corps was moving to cross the James, his regiment was
left back, and liis company was placed on skirmish line, balance of regi-
ment being on reserve. In the evening of the same day his command
charge! by battle line, and he, v.ith a part of the company, several
cavalry men and two guns of artillery, were captured. He says: " I
cannot describe my horror at being a prisoner a second time. I was
robbed of hat, money and watch. Being the only commissioned officer
among the prisoners, I was taken before Confederate General Wright,
who tried every possiLlc way to obtain information from me concerning
the movements of our army. Failing in this, he became enraged, and
addressed the guard in these words : ' Take him away, and if he don't
be'iave himself run your bayonet through him.' I had to accompany
the guard alone thiou.h a thicket of about one half mile, and not with-
out some fear. Was confined one week in Libby, then sent to Macon, Ga.

About August 1 we were moved to Savannah, Ga. While here I,
in company with a large number of fellow prisoners, attempted an
escape through a tunnel, but the evening before we had arranged for
our departure a cow on the outside of the stockade, walking over the
mouth of our tunnel, broke through, and when the first man reached the
outer end he found a rebel guard stationed there. For this the authori-
ties threatened to take our tents from us, as our tunnel was started
under a bunk in one of our tents. About September 10 we were removed
to Charleston, S. C, and placed in the city jail yard. Here we were
exposed to the fire of our guns on Morris Island. We had no quarters
of any kind ; were exposed to the hot rays of tlie sun without any pro-
tection. The yard was alive with lice, having been used for a length of
time as a prison pen. This was the most filthy place of all, and the suf-
fering with heat by day and cold at night was by no means easily endured.

During October we were sent to Columbii, S. C. S^me said the
reason of our removal was tliat the Federal Government had placed
Rebel i^risoners on Morris Island under fire of tlieir own guns, in retalia-
tion. Others said it was because of yellow fever, which had broken out
among the Rebel soldiers, the Captain in charge of us having died of the
disease. At Columbia we were placed in an old opea field witliout a
stockade, a heavy guard line and an inner dead line. Here we spent
most of the Winter without any shelter whatever, and we wei e com-

312

pelled to dig down and live in tlie ground with, perhaps, some briiJi to
cover us. While in this camp I and five comrades attempted to escape
one dark night by running the guard, "We were fired upon, one of our
number being shot in the arm, causing amputation. We were driven
back, and thus another attempt to escape found a failure. I do not want
to say much, but I want to assure you, General, that during my
imprisonment I learned what hunger was, and what real suffering was.
I knew what it was to lie all night not able to sleep a wink because of
the cold. I came from prison in March, 1805, more loyal and more
willing to fight than ever before.

April 17, 18G5, I was honoi'ably discharged at Camp Parole by
special order. Two or three days later I had the sad privilege of join-
ing tlie procession that followed the remains of our dear President from
the "White House to the Capitol. "We were five brothers in the Army
of the Potomac, serving respectively from two to over three years.
Four of us are living to-day, two of whom passed through the war
unhurt, one fell in battle, one was totally disabled in right arm, being
shot through above and below elbow." After the war he graduated at
Iron City Commercial College, Pittsburg, Penn., after which he was
a teacher in that college for six months. He resigned his position there,
and in March, 1867, engaged in the hai'dware business in Mount Union,
Penn., in which business he remained until October, 1884, when he sold
out his business and moved to California. In October, 1885, he engaged
in the hardware business in Pasadena, where he now is the senior mem-
ber of The Stevens Hardware Company. He was married to Miss Annie
A. Bush, of Orbisonia, Penn., July, 1867. In April, 1881, she died, leav-
ing four children. In December, 1883, he was married to Miss Annie
Hiney, of Mount Union. The following year he sold out his business
and brought her an invalid to South California, but disease was rap-
idly doing its work and in a few months slie died. In October, 1887, he
married Miss Dora M. Bucher, of Philadelphia, Penn,

His father and mother had fifteen children. They lived together
nearly sixty -one years, and died within a period of nine months. At
the time of their death they had living and dead 128 children, grand-
children and gi-eat-grandchUdren.

FIRST LIEUTENANT P. O. ETCHISON, "i" COMPANY,
"Was a resident of Shirleysburg, Huntingdon County, Penn. He died
soon after he resigned.

213

SECOND LIEUTENANT SAMUEL J. CLOYD, "l" COMPANY,
Was born and raised on a farm near Orbisonia, Huntingdon County,
Penn, He was wounded at Antietam, losing his right arm. Since the
war he has served a term of three years as County Treasurer of Hunt-
ingdon County. He now resides in a retired way on the old farm place.

SERGEANT FRANCIS FISH, "C" COMPANY,
Was born in Bristol, K. I., March 5, 18:J6; moved with liis parents to
Troy, Bradford Coimty, Penn., in 1838, living in and near Troy.
Attending school, working on a farm, and at the butcher business, etc.,
until the war. Was the first one to put his name to the roll in (Troy
Guards) Company "C," Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Volun-
teer Corps. A pril 17th, 1861, was elected Sergeant; was a good and faith-
ful soldier, and became Sergeant of the Regimental Pione* rs cr Sappers
and Miners. Was wounded in the leg below the knee at the last battle
of Bull Run. Was discharged on account of said wound, April 16th,
1863.

Returning to Troy, and soon after engaged in the livery business,
then at his old trade, the butcher business. Married, and at his death
left wife, one daughter and one son. Without any doubt his wound
shorteneil his dayr, as he carried the bullet in his leg nearly twenty
years before it Avorked out.

Wag a member of Gustin Post, No, 154, Department of Pennsyl-
vania, G. A. R., at his death.

ORDERLY-SERGEANT JAMES JOHNSON, "E" COMPANY,
'Wasbornin Easton, Penn., September 9, 1841; son of James John-
son and EKzabeth Christian Johnson. Went to public school till ten
years old, then, on account of death of his mother, was taken from
school and put to work to earn his living. Worked in a bottling estab-
lishment, then on a farm, then drove mules on a canal, then on a farm,
then in woods getting out lumber, Lark and railroad ties, and assisted
down the river to market these ; then drove team, and delivered ties
and lumber. Made a short trip with a circus ; left that very quick (did
not suit him). After the war, was on the river, then went to work for
Bil. Del. Railroad Company, under the old Camden and Amboy Rail-
road, in 1886. On March 6 went to work for the Lehigh Valley Rail-
road as station baggage master. In 1870, was promoted to be a passen-
ger train conductor, and been in employ of company ever since as such„
running every day and sometimes on Sunday.

314

Sprgeant Johnsou's coniuct in rescuing the regiaiental flag is
described by Lieutenant Fackenthal, commanding Company " E," as
follows: "The salvation of our old battle flag by Orderly-Sergeant
James C, Johnson, of Company ' E,' Color Company of Twelfth Regi-
ment, at the Battle of Laurel Hill, Va., on the 10th of May, 1804. On
the day above mentioned the regiment occupied an entrenched position
at tlie edge of a woods, while the Confederates were just as nicely fixed
on the opposite side of the woods, about a half a mile distant, with an
open field in their front and bat eries in position to harrow and cross
harrow the ground at the same time. Late in the day we received
notice that a grand charge, all along the line, would be made about
sundown. Forty rounds extra amunition were issued, and a hasty meal
of hard-tack and salt pork jjartaken of. WhUe eating, my messmate,
George Ketledge, was instantly killed by a shell from Rebeldom burst-
ing over us. Our orders were : ' Still charga and cold steel '; and just
as the sun kissed the tops of the trees upon the hill ia our rear; where
General Sedgwick was killed the day before. Grant gave the signal
forward. The Twelfth advanced by division, Companies 'E' and ' F'
forming centre division, and having in charge the colors. Before
leaving the woods the troops on our right commenced to yell, giving
the enemy timely notice of our approach, and he replied vigorously
with shot, sheU, grape and canister. The rear of cannon and
rattle of musketry was deafening, and when we reached the clearing
those follows who yelled so lustily in the start broke and ran for
dear life, and no power on earth could stop them, and Hhe jig
was up.'

Color-Sergeant William H. Weaver, of the Twelfth, was hit by a
grape and fell upon his flag. The regiment was swept back like chaff
before a hurricane, and the rout was complete. Sergeant Johnson, see-
ing the colors drop, ran to Weaver and pulled the flag from under him,
and vainly attempted to rally the men, but it was too hot. Waving the
old tatteri d and torn flag in their teeth, he gave them three bucks and a
ball and skedaddled for our side of the woods with the Johnnies close
upon his heels. In the meantime (and a mean time it was) our boys got
home, and seeing Johnson coming through the brush, mistook him for
a Rebel sergeant, and, of course, opened fire on him. Seeing the dan-
ger, he dodged behiut' a tree until the shower passed, aud the next
minute was safe within our works. The division on our right did not
stop behind their works, but continued their flight far to the rear. The

215

Reserve Division not only occupied their own front that night, but alao
the grouQd of the division on our right.

Johnson had bravely saved oar old battle flag, and if the Lieutenant
in command did then and there kiss him under a scordiing fire of 8hot
and shell, what of it; it is the only recognition he has ever received for
the gallant act, notwitlistanding m3mber3 of Congress have been
informed of the facts and a suitable reward requested."

GEORGE H. MASON, "C" COMPANY
Bom March 10, 1833. Son of Georgs Mason aud Fidelia Hitt. Brou-ht
up on a farm near Troy, Pena., goiag t. school three months in Summer
and three months in Winter. At.seventeen went to work for lii;nself •
worked on a farm; voted for Abraham Lincoln; joined Troy Guards April
80, 1861 ; Corporal August 7, 1862. August 10. 1833, Third Brigade ord-
ered across the Potomac to picket. February 15, 1363, detailed wiUi part
of Company " C," Lieutena it Luca^ commanJing. to go to Chain Brid-e
to do guard duty ; remamed there till March 11, 1863, when were reUeved
andstarted to rejoin command. Upon arriving a',. Camp Pierpont found
army gone ; overtook regiment at Hunter's Mills ; badly wounded at
Soutii Mountain. Mason writes : " Was helped off the field by Lieu-
tenant Jewell, Comrades Spence, James Peters and others ; was carried
back to an old log hou^e ; no one being at home but the lady of the house
my wound was here examined, an I . ur Regimental Sargeon said the
bullet was where he could not extract it, but would have to remain in
the body.

Wliile laying on the floor in the evening of the day I was wounded
a little incident occured t'lat I stiU remember. It was, as I lay there
with my eyes closed, and, of course, a little weak from tlxa effects of *
the wound, I distinctly saw a new made grave with dirt thrown oat in
a pile, and a box there ready for use; aLo distinctly heard a voice say
that was for me, and my answer was you do not get ma into that hole
yet, and opened my eyes with a strong determination, God willin-, I
would not go into that hole at present ; it is most twenty-seven yeare,
and have not fallen in it yet. After getting t>/his house I thought I
would Hke some rations to eat ; our haversacks were empty, or nearly
80, and the best the lady of the hoas3 could afford was some sour thick
milk; her cows had been scared or driveii away by the racket about the
place, so she could not furnish any sweet milk, but the boys t.)ok the
thick milk, put some sugar in it, and scraped off some crumbs of hard-

216

tack for my supper; it, of course, was no j quite so nice as toast and sweet
cream, yet it answered the same purpose. Comrade Cyrus Spence, who
stayed over night witli me, the next day went back to the company,
and on the 17th, in the battle of Antietam, was shot through and
through the Iieart and instantly killed ; was a nohle, brave young man;
all that knew him loved him. I was taken back to the Novitiate Hos-
pital in Frederick, Md, , September 19 ; the bullet showed itself and the
surgeon cut and extracted it, and I still keep it as a reminder of other-
days * * *."

May 1st, 1861, found my brother, Daniel J., at work in a saw mill
at Corning, N. Y. I wrote liim from Troy, Penn., that I had enlisted,
and he immediately came to Troy and joined the Troy " Guards," and
went with us, and remained with the company, as one of its best men,
till the battle of Fredericksburg, when, in the fatal charge, and with a
few men well in advance, was known to be wounded, but nothing more
could ever be seen or heard of him, and was reported as woimded
and missing. My brother William G. volunteered early in the war, and
went from Minnesota, where he was living, served tlu*ee years, and.
returned to Minnesota, all broken up by injuries and exposures."

SOLDIER'S MEDITATION.
G. II. Mason, Dear Comrade :

I am sitting to-day in my new home,

The sun is running high.
And thinking, dear Jack, of the comrades
That we messed with in days gone by.

'Twas many a time we stood on picket,

All the dirk and weary night.
And watched for the dawning morrow.

And dreamed of the coming fight.

As I sit and think, dear Jack,

Other forms I see.
That stood in line of battle.

By the side of you and me.

The Troy Guards met the foe on many fields^

And did their duty well ;
But naught is left to mark the spot,

Where many of the Troy Guards fell.

V* 217

No camp fire burns to-day, dear Jack,

Along Virginia's shore ;
No picket keeps his weary watch,
T As in those days of yore.

But in that land where war is unknown,

Where strifes never come,
May you and I, with them at last,

Find our eternal home.

As we gathered around the.camp fire,

"We thought of the days to come.
When we could stack our guns

And return to our dear home.

Now we think of the reunion, dear Jack,

The one that is to come ;
We long for the time, dear Jack,
In Troy, where the boys will beat the drum.
Yours inF. C. L.,
Central City, Neb., June 18, 1884. Cyrus D. Chapman,

WILLIAM W. WOODS, "l" COMPANY.
SKETCH FROM THE EDITOR'S NOTE BOOK.

About the middle of last February a man entered my office, and,
speaking casually, took a seat. I did not recognize him readily, but
soon he turned his head, and I saw the profile of a face known twenty-
five years ago. Gray hairs did not hide the features of William W.
Woods, once the handsome young First Sergeant, who had trudged by my
side many a long mile down in Virginia, back in the sixties. One day
a bit of lead tore out the corner of hi -> eye, and that organ went bUnd.
Since the war, he told me, he had studied medicine, and was then in
active practice. His one eye gone out, he had replaced with a glass eye,
and went on with his profession, to which he was devotedly attached.
He was called to Pittsburg to have the remaining eye treatei by a
skilled optician, for symptoms of pain darting t'.irough it hke a flash of
torture told his professional mind that tbe windows of his soul were
soon both to be closed, and that entire blindness was to shut out the
light of Heaven, the smUe of wife, the faces of children and friends, and
the chrism of Ufe. It is a terribly sad thing to go blind for ever ! The

318

Pittsburg physician confirmed his worst suspicions. The verdict was
sealed.

This was the story he told me, and it was a sad one. We "visited"
together, and away into the night recalled stories of march and bivouac,
and the memory of friends in the old Twelfth Reserves. Next day,
when he went away, the doctor said, as he tremulously pressed my
hand, "Good bye. Chill, old boy, I am going blind. I wanted to see
you once more before that happened to me, and tliis good bye means
more to me than you can ever understand. " Then he grasped my hand
warmly, this gallant soldier, who had faced a thousand deaths without
tremor, and stepping into the car, was gone. I choked back a lump in
my throat, and hoped it might not be so bad. Alas, it was to be more
than true.

Yesterday came a letter from his dear wife, which told a sad story.
The Sergeant had been mustered out — he was dead. The darkness waa
crowding down upon him, but an angel had taken him by the hand and
led his soul up into the light. Gentle fellow, how he must have suf-
fered. C. W. H.

WILSON C. FOX
Was bom at Newville, Cumberland County, Penn., July 34, 1844 ; par-
ents, Henry C. Fox and Martha E. Fox ; schooling was meagre tmlil
two years prior to the war. Up to that time had bven with his father,
who was engaged in the woolen manufacture. After his term expired
he spent one Winter in the Academy. From that he went to railroad-
ing, and rose from freight brakeman to baggage master. He traveled
three years for the Grim and Baker Sewing Machine Company,
then entered the employ of the Harrisburg Mill Company, Senator
J. Don Cameron, treasurer, as bookkeeper and paymaster for the
next eleven years, at which time the mill changed hands and he
accepted a clerkship in post office; the next year appointed Chief of
PoUce, from which he resigned to accept the management of the Har-
risburg Photo. Copying House. At the expiration of two years, and
the death of the proprietor, he bought this studio fi'om the widow.
Politically he is a Republican, having served seven years aa secretary of j
the best Young Mens Republican Club in the city or State. '

His father entered the service in August, 1863, as Commissary }
Sergeant, Company " C," Third Heavy Artillery; promoted Second
and First Ldeuttuant, afterwards commanded Company " K," One Hun-

319

dred and Eighty-Eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, aa Cap-
tain; Appointed Chief of Ambulance on Staff of General Butler; par-
ents reside in the city. His family consists of wife, two boys and
two girls, W, Stewart, Ella M. (Dale Edgar and Daisy Edna —
twins).

JAMES P. GILES, "l" COMPANY,
Was bom at Lewiston, Penn., September 29, 1844. Educated at public
schools and academy. Occupation for a long time, teaching. Elected
member of Pennsylvania Legislature from Huntingdon County in 1884.
At present (1889) Statistical Clerk in State Department of Public
Instruction. Served with " I " Company till muster out of Twelfth
Reserves, when became a member of " D" Company, One Hundred and
Ninetieth Pennsylvania. Most of this company was captured August
19, 1864, at Weldon Railroad, Va. Was confined for about six montlis
in Libby Prison, Belle Island and Saulsbury. He writes : " Most of
those captured died in prison or afterwards from the effects of prison
Ufe."

SUMMARY OF BIOGRAPHY. •

The writer regrets his inability to give the personal history in civil
life, as well as in the regiment, of all the officers, and of those non-com-
missioned officers and privates who specially distinguished themselves.
He has made strenuous efforts to get such information, but partly
through his inability to reach them, and partly through the indifference
of those who have received his letters and circulars, he is obliged to
publish the history of the Regiment with this most interesting part very
incomplete.

MISCELLANEOUS.

It was proposed to erect a Memorial Hall for the Reserves at Gettys-
burg. A bill for this purpose passed the Legislature, but it was vetoed
by Governor Beaver. •

The State Monuments for the reserve regiments were deidicated iu'
September, 1890.

The writer has been able to attend but one of the annual meetings
of the Reserve Division Association, but he is informed they are invari>
ably successful and quite fully attended.

"C" Company keeps up annual meetings, etc.

220

" War Department, A. G. O. )
Washington, November 18, 1889. )

Colonel J. P. Nicholson, Secretary Pennsylvania Board of Commia-
sioners on Gettysburg Monuments, Philadelphia, Penn.
Sir: In complying with your request of 5th ult., I have the honor
to furnish from the records of this office the following information
relative to the Twelfth Reserves, namely: Muster in May 30 to July 3,
1861; mustered out June 11, 1864. Strength at Gettysburg, return for
June 30, 1863, reports twenty-six officers and two hundred and ninety-
four men present for duty; the number taken into action is not of
record. Losses at Gettysburg, one man killed, one wounded. Total

losses in action:

Officers. Men. Total.

Killed 1 60 61

Wounded 15 263 378

Captured or missing 2 95 97

18 418 437 j

total deaths. I

Officers. Men. Total {

Killed in action 1 60 61 ;

« Wounds received in action 52 52

Of disease 1 65 66

Other causes 4 4

2 181 183

Total enrollment 1,100.
Approximate estimate (only men in United States service).

BATTLES, etc.

Dranesville, Gaines Mill, Glendale or New Market Cross Roads,
Malvern Hill, Groveton, Bull Rim (second). South Mountain, Antietam,
Fredericksburg, Gettysbiu-g, Bristoe Station, Rappahanmock Station,
Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania , North Anna, Toloptomoy, Bethesda
Church. Very respectfully,

C. McKeever, a. a. G."

Note. — No record of officers and men who were wounded or
captured more than once.

FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS FOR TWELFTH REGIMENT.

Total
Killed. Wol-nded. MissiNa. K.W.M.
Offs. Men. Offs. Men. Offs. Men. Otfrt. Men.

Dranesville

Mechanicsville

Gaines Mill

New Market C ross Roads 1

Second Bull Run

South Mountain

Antietam

Fredericksburg

Gettysburg

Wilderness

Spottsylvania

North Anna

Bethesda Church

*12

1
3

• >•

110

Seven days 1

* Captured.

14 399

ABSTRACT FROM RETURNS TWELFTH REGIMENT P. R. V. C.

Present for
Duty.

1861. Offs. Men.

August 28 741

September 27 701

October 28 694

November 26 295

December 23 677

1862.

January 26 706

February 28 681

March 21 681

April 24 682

May 33 726

June 27 587

July 19 538

No August

September 12 324

October 12 351

November 16 351

December 9 263

1863.

January 10 280

February 10 299

March 13 301

April 24 329

May 26 350

June 26 294

July 22 260

August 18 254

September 22 275

October 19 279

November 16 283

December 12 290

1864.

January 17 227

February 22 265

March 16 306

April 19 320

Aggregj

ate

Aggre-

Present

gate

and

Present.

Absent

831

843

823

849

Last return 861.

808

859

817

864

Last return 860.
Error

797

849

Last return 863.

777

830

751

804

740

803

730

893

Gain of "I" Co.

810

885

717

831

Agg. last ret. 884.

685

796

421

735

408

695

413

659

324

575

335

563

360

548

On daily

378

528

Extra

413

546

Duty. Sick.

436

549

Offs. Men. Offs. Men

370

546

1 38 1 10

333

538

323

515

328

508

330

483

345

487

348

481

287

468

319

461

403

475

437

493

223

COMMANDERS OF THIRD BRIGADE P. R. V. C.
Colonel McCalmont, from Organization to November, 1861.
General Ord, from November, 1861, to June 18, 1862.
General Seymour, from June 18 to June 30, 1862.
General C. F. Jackson, from June 30 to August 21, 1862, A. P.

General C. F. Jackson, from August 21 to August 3), 1862, Pope's
Army.

Hardin, Kirk (Tenth) and Anderson (Ninth), August 30, 1862 (battle
Second Bull Run).

Lieufenant-Colonel Anderson (Ninth), from August 30 to September
6, 1862.

Colonel Gallagher, from September 6 to September 14, 1862.

Colonel Anderson (Ninth), from September 14 to , 1862.

General Jackson, from to December 13, 1862.

Tolonel Jackson (Eleventh), from Dtcember 13 to December, 1862.

Colonel Hardin, from December, 1862, to January, 1863.

Colonel Fisher (P'if th), from January to August 10, 1863.

Colonel Hardin, from August 10 to August 13, 1863.

Colonel Jackson (Eleventh), from August 13 to August 15, 1863.

Colonel Fisher, from August 15 to September 17, 1863.

Colonel Hardin, from September 17 to September 19, 1863.

Colonel Fisher, from September 19 to September 20, 1863.

Colonel Hardin, from September 20 to December 4, 1863.

Colonel Fishf r, from December 4, 1863, to January 27, 1864.

Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, from January 27 to January 30, 1864.

Colonel Fisher, from January 30 to February 25, 1864.

Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin, from January 25 to February 26, 1864.

Colonel Fisher, from February 26 to February 27, 1864.

Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin (Twelfth), from February 27 to Febniarv 2a
1864. ' '

Colonel Fisher, from February 28 to March 29, 1864.

Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin, from March 29 to March 30, 1864.

Colonel Fisher, from March 30 to June 11, 1864.

234

DIVISION COMMANDERS P. R. V. C.
Greneral McCall, from Organization to June 30, 1863.
General Seymour, from June 30 to August 21, 1862,
General Rt ynolds, from August 21 to September 12, 1863.
General Meade, from September 13 to September 17, 1862.
General Seymour, from September 17 to September 29, 1862.
General Meade, from September 29 to December 25, 1862.
General Doubleday, from December 25, 1862, to January 18, 1863.
Colonel Sickel (Third), from January 18 to February 9, 1863.
Colonels McCandless and Sickel, from February 9 to June 3, 1863.
General Crawford, from June 3 to August 28, 1863.
Colonel McCandless, from August 28 to November 1, 1863.
General Crawford, from November 1 to December 7, 1863.
Colonel McCandless, from December 7 to December 12, 1863.
General Crawford, from December 12, 1863, to February 20, 1864.
Colonel McCandless, from February 20 to May 1, 1864.
General Crawford, from May 1 to May 31, 1864.
Colonel McCandless, from May 31 to June 11, 1864.

CORPS DIVISION OF P. R. V. C. SERVED IN

First Corps (McDowell's) part of May and June, 1862, near Freder-
icksburg.

Fifth Corps (A. P.) Porters, part of June, July to August 13, 1862.

Ninth, Burnside's, near Falmouth, August 13 to August 24, 1862.

Third Corps. A. N. Va. (McDowell), August 25, 1862, nearWar-
renton.

First Corps (Hooker) Bumside's grand division, Ninth and First
Corps, September 6 to 17, 1862; through South Mountain and Antietam
campaigns — Hooker or Meade commanding corps. After Antietam,
Reynolds Commanding First Corps, until February 10, 1863, when
division moved to Washington.

Department of Washington, Twenty-Third A. C. (Heintzelman),
February 10 to June 23, 1863.

Fifth A. C. A. P. (Sykes), June 28, 1863 to end of service.

Sykes relieved by Warren March 33, 1864.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF FIELD AND STAFF AND NON-
COMMISSIONED STAFF.

NAME AND RANK.

Colonels.
John H. Taggart Colonel.

Muster-in.

Rank.

Martin D. Hardin.

Lt. Colonels.

Daniel N. Bailey

Peter Baldy

Richard Gustiu

Majors.
Charles W. Diven . . .

Andrew J. Bolar

Surgeons.

Wm. H. Thome

Iiaac J. Clark

Ass't Surgeons.

James B. Crawford.. .

Henry A, Grim

James M. Shearer

Wm. Taylor ..

David R. Beaver

Adjutant.
Theo. McMurtrie

Chaplains.

W. B. Holt

Obadiah H. Miller. . .

Quartermasters.

Kliene D. Rpid

James T. Woodall ...

Sergeant Majors.
Charles Thompson . . .

Wm. Myers

Joseph W. Eckley

QuarternVr Sergeants.
Charles T. Harvey

Charles W. Cioas'daie

James Loan

Hospital Steivards.

T-e Moyne

John Evans

Surgeon's Mate.

Thomas R. Williams..

Commissary Serg''ts.

Henry D. J. Bell

Henry W. L. Drips...
Henry W. Dean

Henry Krafft

Drum Majors.
Lew. . o. Ivliiler

Jacob Eppley

John B. Bckart '.

Lt.-Col.

Lt.-Col..
Major...
Captain.

Captain.
Captain.

Surgeon..
As. Sur..

Date.

Aug. 10,
July 8,

Aug. 10, '61.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

Resigned July
Exp. service..,

8, '62.

Mar. 4, '62

rfesigned Feb.
Exp. service. .

15, '63.

Adjutant
Chaplain.

Q'master
Corporal.

Sgt. Maj
Private...
Pi'ivate...

Q'm Sgt..
'Jorporal.

Private...

FI. St'd..
Sergeant

Private...

1st Sgt...
Corporal.

Musician,

Corporal.
Private...

June 21. '62
Oct. 6, '62..
Apr. 11, '63
Aug, 2, '63.
Apr. b, '64..

Dec. 5, '61..

Dec. 11, '61.
J.iU. 18, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.

Exp. service

For w'ds, July 30, '63.

Bv promotion.
Exp. service...

REMARKS.

Reinstated by order Sec. War Aug IQ
'02; dischargtd Sept. 2.3, '62. *

Com'd Col. July 8. '62; Col. Sept, 1. '62-
w d GrMVeton, Va , Aug. 29. '62; 2d B
Run, Aug. 30, '02; near Catlett's St'n.
)^«-'P^c. 13, '63; North Anna May 23.
'64 ; Bng.-Gen. Vol. July 2, '64.

How discharged unknown.

^-TT-I^y*"*^'- ■^P''- 6' '6'^; B'^-'t Col. for
}\ilderness; vv,i by Gu-rn.las near
Catlett's 8fn Dec. U '(4

P. Apr. 19, '64; Col 200th Pa.; w'd at Ft.
Steadman.Va ; B'v't Brig-Gen

Com'd Major July 8, '62.

P. Britr. Surgeon Apr. 2S, '62.
K\^"L?.?'" Apr. 28, '62; B v't Lt.-CoL
tor M licernt'ss.

Discharged Sept. 18, '62

By promotion

DischaruPd Aug 18. '63
Resigned Dec. 20, '62
Exp. service

By transfer to I Corps.

Never joined. ...
Resigned June 9, '63.

By promotion.
Exp. service.. .

By promotion.
Re-enlist Vet..

By transfer

By promotion.

Exp. service...

P. Surgeon 5th Reserves April 15, '64.

rrs. to Invalid Corps Oct 18 '63 • w'd
&cap'd at Fredricksburg ; B'v't Mai
for Fredricksburg.

By promotion.
Exp. service...

By transfer.

By promotion

By transfer

Exp. service.
By transfer..

P. Captain A. C. S. Sept. 22 '62

P. Q'm-Sgt Feb., '62; Qm Nov 2-3, '62-

remained back with 190th Pa., apptM

Brig. -Q'm. ^

P. Elected l.^^t Lt. A Co. Dec. T, '61- res

July 11 '62; probably nev<-r mustered.'

Vpfn-2'%.'''^'^-''''^^'^^'^^-^^'-

^ .^^^,t--Major May 1, '63; re-enl. vet. in
i^ Co.; see record in F Co.

Dropped and sent to Co. B Dec. '61

\^''^:^?i- ^'o^- '' '62; 1st Lt. A Co.
May 1. '63.
P. Q'm-Sgt. May 1, '63.

P. made Medical Cadet Oct. 1. •6^
P. Hospital Steward Nov. 8, '61.

P. Surg.-mate Aug. 31, '61; returned to
A Co. Oct. 1, '61.

P. Com-y-Sgt. Aug. 31, '61; 2d Lt. F Co.

Sept. lu, 'Gl.
P. Com'y-Sgt. Feb. '62; ret'd to Co H
P. Com'y-Sgt. Mar. 21, '62; ret'd to Co".

B June, '62.
P. Com'y-Sgt. June, '62.

^Mar 2^^}i''^- ^' '^^' ""^'^ *° ^«-

„ . P- DrumMaj. Mar. 22,'f2TefdtoCo a

E^P- service P. Drum Maj. Aug.'4, '62 princip^i

musician Aug., '68.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ''A" COMPANY,

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

•REMARKS

Rank.

Date.

Captains.

Henry B. Whisner

Frank Daniels

Captain..
Sergeant.

1st Lieut.
Corporal.
Sgt. Maj.

•2d Lieut..
Sergeant.

Corporal.

Sergeant.
Corporal.

Sergeant.

Corporal.

Private...

Musician.

Recruit .
Private...

Corporal.

Private.. .

Recruit..
Private...

Aug. 10, '61.

Sept. 12, '61
Aug. 10, '61.

Feb. 19, '63.
Aug. 10, '61.

Mar. 26, '63.
Aug, 10, '61.

Nov. .3, "63..
Aug. 10, '61.

Resigned Dec. 4, '61...

P. 1st Sgt. Oct. 11, '61; elec. 1st Lt Oct

1st Lieutenants.
La Fayette Palmer

Charles W. Croasdale.

Resigned Oct. 8, "61. . . .
Exp. service

11, '61; Cap'tDec. 4,'61; u'r mustered.

Enlisted as private in this Co. Mar. 4, '62;

see sub. record.
P. Sgt. Oct. 11, '61; Q'm-Sgt. Nov 1 , 62;

Charles Thompson. . . .

2d Lieutenants.

Georgre W. Montony..

Joseph B Vallee

Frank Quautin

1st Sergeants.

Charles Dausjherty . . . .
Henry B. Bayne

Sergeants.

Jos W Killinffsworth.

Resigned July 11, '62..

Resigned Oct. 8, '61....
Resigned Nov. 13, '63. .
Exp. service —

Disability Dec. 18, '61..
Killed in action

1st Lt. May 1, '63.
P. Elected 1st Lt. Dec. 7, '61.

Re-e. as pvt ; killed in a.; see sub. rec'd
P. 1st Sgt. Aug. 31, 61; 2d Lt. Oct. 11, '61.
P. Ist Sgt. Dec. 18, '61; 2d Lt. May 1, '63.

P. 1st Sgt. Oct. 11, '61.
P. 1st Sgt. May 1, '63; re-enlisted Vet;
killed in Wilderness.

James M. Allen

Re-ealist Vet

Wd. Antietam; tr. " H " 190; pr. Aug. 19,

Luther D. Middlekauf .

Samuel Simon . .

Wm. H. Ellis

Disability Sept. 15, '62.
Killed in action

"64; dcd. June 13, '65; reported died

at SauLsbury.
Pr. N. M. Xrds.; tr. fr. "K" Co.; to

" H •' 190 (Sgt.); pr. Aug. 19, '64; dcd.

June 2S, '6.5.
Name spelled Simpson on M-in roll.
Wd. Fred'b'g; re-enlisted Vet.; killed

Corporals.
John T Rowlett

in Wilderness.

Wm E Lowther

JohnC. Cooper

Wm. Albright

Disability Dec. 18, '62. .
By transfer

Exp. service

Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads.

Pr. N. M. X rds.; tr. to 190 Pa. (no reo.

John Kelly

in 190); surv. war.
Ab. sick at M-o. Wd. May 12, '64. J

Mathias Lauderback .
.A.leY , Mf^Di 'laid

Re-enlist Vet '.'.

Wd. 2d B. Run.

(Joined by re-enl. Aug. '61, M. R.) to 190;

Headley Pannett

Dan'l C. Odenbauer. .

Musician.
Charles Daiigherty

Privates.
Jesse K Allen

Disability Apr. 18, '64. .
Killed in action

Deserted Dec. 11, '61..

By transfer

dis. June 28, '65.
Tr. fr. '• K " Co.
Killed at Antittam.

Tr. to 190 (no record in 190).

James Allison

Killed in action

Re-enlist Vet...!.!!...

Disability date nnk

Exp. service

Killed at Antietam.

Leander Arndt

George W. Barnitts. . .

Ebenizer Beech

Joseph Blair

Robert C. Bridges

Thomas Brady

Killed at Antietam; from "K."

Tr. fr. " K " ; to " B " 190; pr. Aug, 19,

'64; dcd. June 5, '65.
Wd. Antietam.
Ab. sick at il-o.

Deserted date unk. . . .
Exp. service

Benj. F. Brown

Re-enlist Vet

By transfer

To 190 (no red. in 190); tr.fr. "K"; surv.w
To 190 (no record in 190;.

Richard A. Carr

Anderson Callahan....
Benj. F. Cochran

Peter Collins

Killed in action

Disability Jan. 9, '63 . .
Re-enlist Vet

Deserved date ank. . .
Disability Jan. 16, '63. .

KUled at N. M. X roads.

To 190 (no red. in 190); died Dec. 12, '64,
at Saulsbury.

Samupl L. ("ooper

James C. Cunningham

James J. Cunningham
John Curren

Wd. N. M. X roads.

Pr. Aug. 28, '62; to " B " 190; pr. May 8,

Disability Dec. 20, '62. .

Exp. service

Deserted Mar. 5, '64....
Disability Dec. 16, '61..
nesertedMar. 5, '63...
Disability Sept. 15, '62.
Disability Aug. 2, '62. .
By transfer

'64, to Aug. 2-4, '64; dcd. June 24, '65.
Dtd. to Vet. R. Corps; ab. at M-o.

Wm. H. Davison

John Dallaway

Wm. Doan

Henry Buddy

Robert Duddy

Wd. N. M. X roads.

To 190 (no record in 190V

Joseph Elllngsworth . .
Andrew Elliott

Re-enlist Vet

Disability Dec. 24, '62. .
Disability Mar. 28, '6.3. .

Re-enlist Vet

Disability Jan. 6, '63. . .

Pr. May 8, '62; to " B " 190 (no red In 190);
died at Saulsbury, Feb. 15, '65.

Georee W. F. Fleming
Joseph S. Fry

Fr. " K " ; to 190 (no record in i90).
Wd. South Mountain.

NoTB. — Many men were transferred from "K"' Company of
veterans were transferred to 190 Penn. Vols.— M. D. H.

12th to other companies of 12th. All

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "A" COMFA-^Y— Continued.

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

Rank.

Privates.

Wm. A. Fry 'Corporal

MichaelJ. Gillan Private..

John E. Goshart ! "

George P. Gumpper,

Henry Hacking

NoelJ. Hail

James Hardy

Charles G. Hankins.
George A. Hanky...
Frank II. Hench....
Nicholas J. Hench. .

John Hoover

Peter Ilaney

Alfred ilyneman

Joseph Jeffrie^

Thomas Junes

Daniel C. Kane

Edward Lamb

Stanley Lane

Henry Lavyrence

Wm. A. Leach

Daniel McCarty

John M.'AIaguire

Henry McMauomy

Samuel McKargue

Joseph A. Malmesoury

Ellis Mackey

Robert E. Marshall.. ..

Wm. A. Mead

Stephen Mellott

Corporal.
Private

Recruit.
Private..

Date.

Aug. 10, 'Gl

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

Died Nov. 2, '63.,
Exp. service

ivilled in action .

Deserted date unk . . .

Ke-enlist Vet

li.Kp. service

Killed in action

Exp. service

Disability Sept. 15, '62

Ke-enlist Vet

Exp. service

REMARKS.

.\ug, 16, '6] .
Aug. 10, 'bl.

Deserted June 8, '62. .

Killed in aciion

Died Sept. 8, '61

Ke-enlist Vet

Richard A. Miles

John A. .Miller

George S. Moore

George W. Montony.

George M. Morris. . .

Jacob E. Moyer

La Fayette Palmer. .

Wilson R. Pelkington.

Daniel Price

Wm. Quinu

John M. Koss

Wm. H. Rowlett

John Ryan

George W. Sharp

John Short

Francis A. Smith

James Smith

Patrick ytai r

Edward Strohman..

Joshua S weeger

August Swenson

Robert Trayford

Ezra Toomey

James Turnbull

Charles Valiant... .

John Wallace

Wm. Walker

Joseph Watson

Thomas R. Williams

David Williams

John Weber

Thomas Wilson

James E. White

Thomas White

Peter Woods

Washington Yates..

Benj. Yarnall

Wm. P. Zeigler

Recruit. .

Private...
Recruit..

Sergeant.
Private...

r?ecruit.,
Private...

Recruit.

Mar. 14, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.
Mar. 10, m.
Mar. 14, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.

Oct. 6, '63. .
Aug. 10, '61.

July 27, '63.

Killed in action

Exp. service

Promoted Nov. 28, '61

Exp. service

Disability Aug. 2, '62..
Deserted Aug. 10, '61.

Exp. service

Disability Jan. 26, '63 .
Deserted Mar. 5, '63. . .
Re-enlist Vet

Deserted Aug. 10, 'f.2. .
" June 1, '63.,
Disability Feb. 26, '63. .
Killed in action

Private.. . Aug. 10, '61

Recruit..
Private..
Recruit..
Private..

Jan. 1, 'Gl ,
Aug. 10, 'GI,
July 27, 'G3.
Aug. 10, '61.

Deserted Aug. 10, '62. .

By traijsie-

To Vet. Res. Corps

Killed in action. . . ..

Ke-eniisc Vet

Disability Dec. 80, '62..

Re-enlist Vet

Disability Jan. 20, '62. .

By transfer

Re-enlist Vet

Killed in action

Disability May 30, '62. .
Deserted Aug. 10, '61
Disability Jan. 16, '63
Deserted Dec. 7, '63.

Ke-enlist Vet

By transfer

Died Aug. 20. '62

Exp. service

Disability date unk. .

Exp. service

Re-euiist Vet

Exp. .service

By tra'isfer

Re-enlist Vet

Hy transfer

Disability Dec. 11, '62.
Exp. ^'ervice

From "K."

A d. Wilderness May 5, '64.
Pr. Fred'b'g; ab. sick at M-o.
Tr. to Ver. H. C'orps. date unknown.
Missing N. M. X roads.
Wd. 2d B. Run; tr. fr. 'K"; re-enl. Vet.;
killed in Wilderness.

To 190; disc'd at end of war.

Killed at Gettysburg; tr. fr. "K" Co.
Tr. from " K."

To 190 (no rec. in 190); disc'd end of war
Wd. North Anna May 23, '64.

Re-enlist Vet.; killed in Wilderness.

Wd. & pr. N. M. X roads; to 190 (noreo.

in 190); surv. war.
To 190(iioiec.inl90);dis.atend of war.
Killed at Fredericksburg.
Pr. Catleti 's St'n date unk & in Wild'n's
Unknown how promoted.

Wd. Fredericksburg.

Wd. N. M. X roads; tr. from "K."

Fr. "K"; wd. N. M. X roads; to "B" 190:
disc'd July 15, '65.

Fr. "K."

Killed at N. M. X roads; formerly a
Lieut, in this Co.

To 190 (no record in 190).

Wd. & pr. N. M. X rouds; tr. to Vet.

Res. Lorps Sept. 1, '63.
Killed at S. Mountain; tr. fr. "K" Co.
To 190; diedpr. atSaulsbury.
Wd. Antietam.
Fr. "K"; to 190 (no rec. in 190); surv. war.

To 190 (no rec. in 190); d 'c'd at end of war
To 190 (no record in 190).
Wd. June 27, '62; killeu at 2d B. Run.
Pr. May 8," 62.

Fr. "K"; to 190 (no record in 190).

To 190 (no record in 190).

At Philadelphia.

Fr. "K"; ab. sick at M-o,

Ab. at M-o.

To 190 (no record in 190); surv. war

To 190 (no rec. in 190); disc'd at end war

P. i^urg.-mate Aug. 31. 61, to Oc. 1, '61.

To 190 ^no record in 190).

To 190 (no record in 190); surv. war.

Pr. N. M. X roads.
Pr. June 27, '62.

By transfer Detached to Navy Feb. 18, '62.

JExp. service! .' '.'.'.'.'.'.'. Tr. fr. " K " Co.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ''B" COMPANY,

NAME AND RA:M.

Captains.

Davi \ N. Matthews'^'i]
Siiuoa H. BrigKS

Is*. Lieutenants.

Jawes B. Harding
John F. Uoadley ....

2d Lieutenants.

Arthur M. Phillip.'^. . . .
rbiletus U. Reynolds

1st Sergeants.

Andrew F. Ely

Martin N. Reynolds..

Sergeants.

Porter Squiers

Mason Parker

Henry W. Dean

George Moore

Oscar H Benjamin ....
Samuel A. Danuer —

Charles John^son

Charles A. Meeker . .

Corjwrals.

Merrlt S. Harding....
Alexander Morgan —

Jacob May nan 1

Levi B. Knowles

George Fitzger

James C. K ■eney.
Aaron H. Wintermute

Milton Moyer

Jeremiah C. Peynolds
John Shiugler

Musicians.

Frederick Waugh

Christian C. Kekart. . .
John C. Eckart ..

Rank.

Lewis C. Miller

Privoites.
William Andrews —

Christian L. Arnold..

Samuel Arnold

Silas Aumick

Leander V. Armstrong

James Bailey

John Banno

Warren Barber.

Alonzo H. Beebe

Chancey C. Beuinger.

Robert Blakeslee

Charles L. Card

Asher Cook

Captain. .
Sergeant

'•^t Lieut.
Sergeant,

Jd lieut.
Corporal.

1st Sergt.
L'orporal.

Sergeant.
Corporal.

Recruit.
Private .

Corporal.

Private .

Musician
Private . .
Musician

Private .

Recruit .
Private .

Unk. ...
Recruit .

Date.

Aug. 10, '61.

Harvey Corby

Absalom Crawford . . .

William Croop

John H Davis

Thomas Davis

Joseph Delliiiger

John Dressier

Elihu Dvmond

Isaiah Evans

James B. Fisk

Squires B. Fi.sk

Sydney Freeman —
Lvmaa J. Freeman..

William Fox

Patrick Gannon

Edwin J. Gardner

James Gillespie

Dec.
Aug.

1862
10,'61

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

REMARKS.

Tuly 31. '62..
^xp. service.

Boari ex.. Mar. 4, '62.
Sxp service

Resigned July 21, '62
Exp. service

Disability Feb. 21, '6-2.
Sxp. service

Disability Jan. 1. '62
D^c. 30, '61
Killed in action ,

Exp service.

Died May 6. 'o3..

By transfer

Died Oct. 30, '62.

Disability Feb 27, '63

Died Dec. 3, '61

Killed in action

By transfer

Disability Jan. 28, '63,

Died July 22, '6i

Exp. service

Deserted Aug. 10, '61.
Exp. service

Private

Recruit.
Private .

Recruit

Nov. 13. '61
Mar. 3, '64

Aug. 10,'61

Unknown. .

Nov. 7, '61.
Mar. 17, '64.

Aug. 10, '61

Mar. 31, '64.
Nov. 21. '61.
Aug. 10, '61 .

Nov. 21, '61
Feb. 7, '62.

Re-enlist Vet.

Exp. service

Disability May 20, '62
" Deo. 15 '62

Sxp. service

Di-dDec. 1, '62

By transfer

Re-enlist Vet.

TIow disr'ha'-ged unknown.

I^ l>t Sm. Jan. 1. '02: 1-t Lt. Mar. 1<» '62;
Com'd Capt. Julv31, '62; Capt. April
21, '03; Brevet Major, Mar. 13, '62;
wounded Fredericiisbu-g.

P. com'd 1st Lt. July 31, '62; 1st Lt.
April 20, '63; wounded Antietam.

P. onm'd. 2d Lt. July 31, '62; 2d L». April
10, '63.

?. 1st Sgt.; pr. Mechanicsville.

P. Sgt.; eom'y Sgt. Mar. 21. '62; ret'd to
Co. June, '62; killed South Mountain.
P. Sergeant.

Pr. Gaines Mill; died at Wash'g'n, D.C.
To 190 (no record in 190) .
Wd. Antietam.

Wd. 2d B. Run; disc'd for wds.

Killed at Antietam.

To Battery "A" 43 Penn. April 6, '62.
Wd. &pr. Fred'b'g; discharged for wds
Died at Harrison's Ldg.

P. Musician.

Tr. fr. " K " Co. to Staff as Prin. Mus.

July 31, '63.
P. Drum-Major Nov. 22, '61; ret'd. to

Co. Mar. 22, 62; wd. Fredericksburg

To "H " 190; pr.; died at Saulsb'y, Jan
30, '65.

Disability Dec. 15, '62.

Rxp. service

Disability date uak..
By transfer

fCxp. service

Died of wounds

Disability March 6, '63.
Exp. ser\-ice

Killed inaction

Disability Apil 21, '6 i.
Disability Jan. 1, '63

By t'--inster

Disability May 24, '62.
Exp. service

By transfer

Disability Feb. 2, '62.

Died Aprils, '62

By transfer

Wd. South Mountain; disc'd. for wds.
Tr. fr. "K "Co.; wd. 2d B. Run.
Died at Acquia Creek.
To 190 (no record in 190); died at Sauls

burv Jan. 6 '65.
To'H" 190; pr. Aug. 19. '64; disc'd.

June 28, '65.

Tr. to Vet. Res. Co.; ab. M-o.

To 2d U. S. Cav'y May 31, '64.
To 190 (qo record in 190); disc'd. Mar.
30, '65.

Pr. Gaines Mill and Fredericksburg.
Wd. Antietam and Fredericksburg.
Wounded Fredericksburg.

Died of wds ; pr. and wd. N. M. X r'ds
To 190 (no rec. in 190); disc"d June 2^, '65

To 5th U. S. Arty. Nov. 24, '62.

Died at Philadelphia.

To " H " 190; pr. d'd at Sauls. Dec. 18, '6^

]\IUSTER-OUT ROLL OF " B " COMPANY.-Con^m?

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

Privates.
James C. Hastings. . .

John Hastings

William Hastings

Charles T. Harvey...

James Hedden

James N. Herbert...

Joseph Hess

Fredericlc Hiiililey...

Oran Hinkley

Jasper Hoadley

Albert Hot) sell

Edward House

Fuller A. Johnson

James Jones

John H. Jacquis. . . .

George Labarr

Francis J. Lathrop...

Wm. Langiey

Francis J. I.eppn

James C. Linthurst..
TheoH. Lackey

DavtdF. Lurch...

Tbomas May

John McCord

Reuben McSherer.

Calvin Moore

Marti i Morgan...

Jacob M'.yer

John Moyer

Miner Moyer

Rank.

John n. MuKison. .

Harrison Noel

Thomas O^terhaut.

Mason Parker

Warren Parrish

Harrison Pdtrick . .

Marvin Potter

FredfTick K. Puckner

Worden Reynolds

Alexander Rogan

Rensel la^ r Ross

Patrick Rowan

Wm. H. Sanders ...

Sidney Schooley

James Schaeffer

Jacob R. tvhotwell ..

Daniel Shumber

C^rus Smeed

John Sly

John H. Snyder

Floyd T. Sprague

Joseph B. Sprague. . . .

Norman Sprague

Wm. Stager

Wm. E. btark

Wm. Stonier

Wm. Story

TruxtonT. Stansbury
Perrer L. Taylor,

James Taylor

Charles Terry

Harvey Tiffany

Charles A. Thompson
George K. Thompson.

Wm. Thomp.-on

Mori is Toomy

Edward Vanamaker. .
George W. Wagoner.
Sanford Wandall

Private..

Recruit.

Q.M. Sgt
Private...
Recruit
Private .

Recruit.
Private

Recruit.
Private.

Recruit.
Private..

Date.

Aug. 10, '61.

Aug. 2, '62

Aug. 10, '61.

Aug. 10, 'R2
.A.ug. 10, '61.

Nov. 1.3, -61.
.Mar. 19. '64.
Aug. 10, '61.

Mar. 29, '64.
Aug. 10, '61.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

Re-enlist. Vet.
By transfer

Disability Feb. 4, '62

Killed in action

Bv t-ansfer

Killed in action

Disability Oct. 15, '63

^xp. service

l)i-abilitv Cct 11, '62
Esp. service

By transfer.

REMARKS.

Mar. 19, '64
Aug. 10,'61.

Dl.sability Feb. 23, '63.
Disability May 2!, '62.

Ekp. set vice

Disability Sept. 20, '61 !
Disabirity Ap il 9, '63
By transfer

Re-enlist Vet

Deserted J -n. 15, '62

Exp. service .

By transfer

Exp. service

Killed in acti n.

By transfer

Re-enlist Vet

Deserti d -July 2, '62.
i i-.xp. service.

Wd. N. M. X roads: to "H" 190; killed

at Petersburg June 17, '(4.
To 190; discharged June 27. "65.
To 190: discharged June 2, 65
Q'm Sgt. til Dec. '61.
Killed at New Market Cross Roads.
To 190; discharged June 2, "tiS.
Killed at Spottsylvania, May 8, '64.

To Vet. Res. Corps, Feb. 19, '64.

To 190; died at Phila. Sep^ 12,'64,ofwda,

Wounded Mechanicsville.

Wd. Antiftam; d. of wds ; tr. fr-'^K.**
To 190 (no rec. in 190); died at ..rlington

Feb 2, '6.5. ^

To 190; never reported; tr. fr. " K " Co.

Tr. to Vet. Rps. Corps.

To 6 IT. S. Cav'yNov. 2. '02

Wounded New Market Cross Roads.

Killed at Frederic'asburg.

To 190; discharged June 28, "65

To-H'' 190; pr. from Au- 19. '64, to

Mar. 2, '65; discharged Jii"e 28, '65
To ' H " 190; pr. June 13, '64; disc'd Juiio

26, 65.

Conrad Weismiller. . .

Almuda Wilbur

James Wilson *. .

Thomas C. Woods...
Orland Wright

Recruit .

Unk

Wagoner
Private

Recruit
Private..

Recruit..

Private.

Recruit.

Private .
Recruit..
Private...

Mar. 25, '64.' 3y transfer To 190 ; disr-harged Mar 15 '65

Aug. 10, '61 . Died Ftb. 10, '6J Died i^t Geo- getown, D: C

Nov. 7, '61 .
Unknown.,
-^ug. 10, '61.

Mar. 31, '64
Aug. 10,'61

Mar. 10. '64
Mar. 18. 'Ci.
Nov. 21, '61
Aug. 10, '61.

Mar. 2. '64.
Mar. 31, '64
Nov. 21, '61
Aug. 10, 'CI.
Mar. 18, '64
Aug 10, '61

Missing in action

Died of wounds

Deserted Sept. 28, '62

'•xp. service

Disability Nov. 24, '62.

Exp. service

Deserted May 12. '63. .

Disability July 18, '62.

" Jan. 15, '62.

By transfer

Exp. service

Re-enlist Vet.
By transfer...

Died of wounds

Exp. service

Died Nov. 18, '61

" Nov. 21, '61.
By transfer

Disability Oct. 27. '62
Ue.-eitea Juiy 2, '63...

'<y transfer

Died Nov. 3, '61

Disability Sept. 24, '62
N v. 22, '6J

Re-enlist Vet

De.seited Aug. 10, '61

By transfer

Prisoner at M-o

Pr. N. M X roads. Fred'bg and SpotU
sylvania May 9, '64. "v^t**

Wd. New Market Cross Roads.

Wounded South Mountain.

To 190; discharged June 28, *65.

To "H " 190; pr. Aag. 19, '64; tr.fr, "K.»
To 190; disc'd June 28. '65.

To " H " 190; disc'd June 28, '65.
Wounded Mechanicsville.

Died at Camp Pierpont.

To 190; pr.. died at Saulsb'y Vec. 13, '64,
" aisoharged for disa. March 9, '6{^

Died of wounds

I"xp. serv ce

Re-enlist Vet

j Exp. service

Lisability Feb. 9, "03.

To 190; discharged June 28, '65.
Died at Camp Pierpont.

Wounded Mechanicsville.

To " H"190; d'd at Saulsb'y Dec. 12, '6i.

To 5 U. S. Art'y. Nov. 24, '62.

Pr. 2d B. Run; pr. April 8 to May, '64;

discharged June 11, '6».
Tr. fr. "K"Co ; wounded Fred'b'g.
Detatched to artiller .
To 190, never reported; tr. fr. " K " Co.

Pr. Fred'bg: discharged for wounds.-,

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "C" COMPANY.

NA^lE AND RANK.

Ca2Jtains.

Richard Gustin

Heury S. Lucas

1st Lieutenant.

Daniel II. Jewell ..

2d Lieutenants.

Jacob J. Orautier. .
Johu G. Ruliu

Muster-in.

1st Sergeants.

Wm. Russell

Wilde E. Kiug

Sergeants.

Frank Fish

Wm. Daggett

Lvman Douglas. .,
Ellis A. Foster....

Joshua H. Graves

Corporals.

Henry M. Richardson.

Edwin D. Benedict

Wm. A. Corzatt

Samuel Bryan

John H. Snow

George H. Mason.
David Walter

Daniel J. Mason...

John F. Gerald

George M. Pardoe.
Miller W. Barnes...

Musicians.

Cyrus J. Spencer . .
Robert E. Jacobs. . .
John H. Harris

Privates.

Frank Adams

Joseph Bailey

James Barnes

Lemuel Barnes

Wm. H. Benizel

Henry H. Bennett.

Duncan Black

Jerome Blauce .

George S. Borden..

John Bossinger

Lewis BcjughtoH. . . .
James Burke .

Thomas Bush

David Bryan

John T. c;aless —
Wm. Carnochan...
Cyrus D. Chapman.

Miles M. Cooper

George D. Comfort

Michael C inningham

Calvin L. Davis

Charles Davis

George Davis

Lewis Davis

Rank.

Captain . .
1st Ueut.

Corporal.

Sergeant.
Pi-ivat

1st Serg..
Sergeant.

rporal,

Private.

Corporal.

Musician
Private...
Musician

Private.

Recruit .
Private .

Date.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

Aug. 10, '61 By Promotion

REMARKS.

Resigned Aug. 11, '62.
Fxp. service

Disability Apr. 16, '63
Feb. 21, 'o2.
Exp. service

Disability Mar. 24, '64

BySec.War, May 23, '6;
Exp. service

Disability Nov. 13, '62
Re-enlist Vet

Killed in action

Disability Jan. 6, '6i.

Exp. service

Disability Oct. 26, '61

P.Lt.-Col. Apr.6, 63. See Field and Staff.

P. Capt. April 6. '63; Bvt. Maj. for An-
tietam; pr. H. M. X rds.; wd. Antie-
tam and Fredericksburg, and May, '64.

P. Sgt.; fir-t Sit. Aug. 30. '62; 1st Lt.
May 14, 63; pr. FredericksDurg.

P. 2dLt. Sept. 10, 1861.
P. 2d Lt. May 1, '63; Bvt. 1st Lt. sp. gal.
Mine Run; tr. from "K" Co.

Tr to Vet. R. C. Nov. 1.5, 1863.
?. IstSgt.; wd. Spottsylvania.

vVd. 2d Bull Run.

P. Sgt.; wl. Fredericksburg.

P. Sgt ; wd. N. M. X rds., Antietam and

Fredericksburtr.
P. Sgt.; wd. and pr. Fredericksburg.

Pr. Mays, 1862.

Pr. Mechaniosville.

vVd. Antietam.

P. Corp'l; wd. N. M. X rds. and Antie-
tam; pr. tYedericksou-tr.

P. Corp'l; wd. 6. M. & F'b'g; fr. "K" Co.

P. Corp'l; wd. S. Mt'n.

P. Corp'l. wd. Fredericksburg; tr. to
190; died pr at Petersburg.

P. Corp'l; killed at Fredericksburg.

P. Corp'l; wd. Antietam.

P. Corp'l; pr. Fredericksburg.

Recruit .
Private.

Wm. Divis

Timothy Fellon...
Edgar F. Funton..
Horace Fenton...
Elbridge Fenton..

Newtim Ford

John W . Garrison .

Samuel C. Griffin.

Abe Grover

John Haines

Wm. Hardy...
Joseph llagar

Recruit..
Private..

Sergeant
Private..

Mar. 18,
Aug. 10,

.Inly 10,
Aug. 10,

Oct. 23,
Aug. 10,

Killed in action Killed Antietam.

Exp. service Wd.; time and place unk; fr. "K" Co.

Wd. Wilderness.

By transfer ,

Killed in action

Disability Feb. 4, '63.

Exp. service

Ivilled inaction

Exp. service ,

Killed in action

Exp. service. ..

Disability Oct. 29, '62.
BySec.War, June 9, '62.
Disability Feb. 17 '63.
Exp. s-rvice

D. of wds., Jan. 20, '63
iy transfer

Killed in action

Exp. service

Detached

By transfer

Disability Jan. 4, '62.

By transfer

lle-eulisD Vet

Died Oct. ?5, 1882....
Disability Jan. 15, '63
PrLsouer at M-o. .. .

Exp . soi'vioe

By transfer

Killed in action

Exp. service

Deserted May 4, '63.. .
Disability Jan. 2, '64.
Exp. service

Deserted Aug. 29, "62

Wd. N. M. X rds.; tr. to V. R. C; ab at

M-o.
To 2d U . S Art. July 18, 1862
Killed at Antietam.
Wd. South Mountain.
Tr. f r. " K " Co. ; wd. Ant'm and F'b'g.
Killed at Fredericksburg
Wd. Gaines Mill; ab. at >i-o.
Wd. and pr. N. M. X rds.; k. Antietam.

Wd. Bethesda Ch.; tr. from " K " Co.

Wd. Mechanicsville.

Pr. Mav8, 186'.

Wd Antietam.

Wd Mechanicsville June 27, 1862.

Wd. Fredericksburg.

Wd. Fredericksburg

To Battery "A" 4.3d Pa. July 20, 1862;

wd. N M. X rds.
Gaines Mill
Wd Fredericksbui'g
Det'd J'ruv. M. Off. 3d Div, 5t,h C.
Tr. to 6th U. S. Cav. Nov. 10. 16 .2.

To 2d U. S Art. July 18. 186'.

Wd. N.M.X rds. and F'b'g; tr. to 190; pr.

Peter.sbiirg; discharged end of war.
At Washington D. C.
Wd. South ivlountain.
Wd. Antirtfam; released Sept. 19, '04 (?).
Wd Antietam and F'b'g; ab. sick at M-o
Pr. F'b'g; tr. to V. R. C. Sept 1, 1863.
Killed G'aines Mill . •
Wd. Mec!iaui?Bvile June Z~. 1862, S.

Mt'n; wd. and pr. Fredericksburg.
Tr from "K " Co.; wd. Fred'l)urg.
Wd. Mechanicsville and Fred'burg.
Tr. from "K "Co.; wd. Groveton April

29, 1862, and Fredericksburg.
Ab. sick at M-o.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "C" COMPA^NY— Continued.

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

DISCH.\RGED.
How and When.

Rank .

Date.

Privates.

Jacob Hockersmith . .
Isaac Holly

Private .

Recruit..
Private . .

Recruit . .
Private..

Recruit . .
Private.

Recruit..
Private..

Wagoner
Private...
Sergeant
Private. .

Aug. 10, '61

Jan. 30, '62
Aug. 10, '61

Feb., '62 .
.\ug. 10, '61

Dec. 21, '63
-Vug. 10, '61

Mar. 25, '64
Aug. 10, '61

By G. C. M

Exp. service.

Disability Jan. 17, '63. .
Deserted Sept 12, "62
By transfer

Austin Horton

Franklin S. Howard . .
Peter B. Humel

Joseph W. Inscho

Wm. E. Jones

Killed in action

Ue-enlist Vet

Lester 0. Kent

Henry M . Knox

Wm.Kuh

Exp . service

Killed in action

Exp. service

Augusta Laud

Volney M. Levally

Deserted June 30, '62.
Re-enlist Vet

James Loan

By transfer

George Matson

Re-enlist Vet

Wm. McDougall

Exp. service

Frank Mclntyre

Re-enlist Vet

Frederick Mellott

Henry J. Mentzel

Wash'ton Musselman.

Died of wounds

Deserted Sept. 25, '62 .
DisabilitvMay 18, '63 .
Disability Oct. 16, '62.
By transfer

Edward F. Newell

Anthony Novitcky...

John S. f'sler

John Ogara

EbinR. Packard

Killed in action

Disability Mar. 18, '62.

Died of wounds

by transfer

John Pa tton

James Peters

Exp. service

By transfer

Disability Mar. 18. '62..
Disability Aug. 16, '62.
Deserted July 12, '6-!..
Exp. s-^rvice

Phillip Petty

Peter W. Poland

Isaac Read jay

Wm. A. Rice

Nelson H. Robbins

Thos. T. Shillem

David Short

Edmund W. Snell

Eugene Smith

Exp. service

Deserted Dec. 1, '62...
Exp. service .... ...

Frederick M. Smith. . ,
Daniel Stewart

Died Nov. 25, 3861

James Sturdivant

John B. Vanard

Herman A. Vaughan . .

Killed in action

ile-enlist Vet

Richard J. Watts

Abner Williams

Oscar Williams

Seely Williams

Aaron Wilson

Killed in action

Disability July 17.' '62!

June 28, '63.

Exp. service

Henry D. Witmer

Charles K. Wright...
Richard Woods

Frisby T. Wiant

REMARKS.

Tr. from '-K" Co.

Wd. 21 Bull Run; pr. Fredericksburg.

Wd. N. M. X roads.

To Battery " A " 4.3d Pa., July 20. 1863;

wd. Fredericksburg.
Killed at N. M. X roads.
Wd. Fre'lericksburg; to"E" 190; pr.

Petersburg; died en route home.

Wd. N. M. X roads.; killed Fred'hnrg.
Tr. fr. "K " Co ; pr. Fredericksbui^.
Wd. N. M. X roads.
^M. Groveton; to "E" 190; pr. Aug.

19, '64, dNeharged J-^ne 2. '65.
Tr. fr. •K" Co.; P Q'm-ijergeant

May 1, 1863; (see staff).
Wd. Antietam; to '• E ' 190; discharged

end of war.
Tr.fr. "K"Co.; wd. Malvern Hill.
Wd. S. M 'fn; to 190; dis'd end of var.
Wd. S. M'tn; died Oct. 1, '62; t.. fr.

"K"Co.

Pr. May 8, '62; pr Fredericksburg.
Tr. fr. "K "Co.; wd. 2d Bull Run.
I'o 190; discharged 1865.
Killed Fredericksburg.

Wd. Fred'hurg; died Jan. 4, '63.

Wii. Fredburir; tr. to Battery " A " 43d

Pa. July 20, '63.
Wd. Mech'ville; pr. Fredericksburg.
To 190; pr. '64; dis'il end 01 war.
Wd. South Mountain.
Wd. Gaines Mill.
Pr. Fredericksburg.

Wd . & pr. N.M.X rds; to 190; dis. end war
Pr. Fredericksburg.

. -'Wd. South Mountain.

At Washington D. C

To 190; k. at Petersburg, June 17, '64

Wd. 2d Bull Run.

Tr. fr. "K " Co.; killed Fred'burg.

Wd. Fred'burg; to 190; dis. end of war.

Wd. N. M. X ids. and pr. Fred'burg; to

190; surv. war.
Killed N. M. X roads.
Killed N. M. X roads.

Tr. fr. "K "C■^.; tr. to V. R. C.

Pr. Fredericksburg

Wd. N. M. X rds.; tr. fr. "K"Co.: tr.

to Vet. R C.
Wd. Fredericksburg; ab. at M-o.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ^' D " COMPANY.

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

REMARKS.

Rank.

Date.

Captains.
Samuel Wilt

Captain. .
Jd Lieut.

Sergeant

1st Lieut,
1st Sergt.

Sergeant.

Corporal.

Sergeant.
Private . .

Corporal
Private...

Aug. 10, '61.

Unknown..
Aug. 10, '61.

Unknown .
Aug. 10, '61.

Unknown.
Feb. 14, '64.
Aug. 10, '61.

April, '64.

Disability Nov. 5, '61 .
Exp. service

Wm. H. Weaver

P. 1st Lt. Nov. 15, '61; Capt. May 1, '63;

wd. 2d Bull Run.
P. Capt Jan. 13, '62; wd. and pr. N. M.

X roads.

Thomas D. Horn

1st Lieutenants.
Henry Mather

Disability Feb. 10, '6.3..

Nov. 5, '61; cause unk.
Exp, service

Edward B. Snyder

2d Lieutenant.

Wm. R. Peacv)ck

1st Sergeant.

P. 2d Lt. Nov. 5, '61; 1st Lt. May 1, '63;
Bvt. Capt. for Gettysburg; wa. F'b'g.

P. Cora'd 2d Lt. Feb. 10, '63; (not must'd);

2d Lt. aud 1st L'.. "E" 190; dis'd June

28, '65.
''. 1st Sgt ■ 1st Sgt "E" 190' rd Lt "E"

Re-enlist Vet

Sergeants.
Wm H Woodall

3v transfer

190 isei t. 19, '64; i r. Aug. 19, '64; dis'd
June 5, '65.
Vr. to Signal Corps Aug. 29, '01.

E.xp. service

Re-enlist Vet

P. Corp'J, !-gt.; wd. 2d Bull Run and
F'b'g; to "E" 190; died in pr. Feb. 20, '65

Cor2:>orals.

Exp. service

Benj. Biightbill

Aaron T-. Burke

Henry Krafft

James T. WordalL

Henry H. Hoppel

Killed in action

By transfer

Killed in action

Exp. service

Killed 2d Bull Run.
P. Com'y Sgt; (see staff).
P. Q'm-Sgt Regimental Q'm;(-ee staff).
Killed South Mountain.
Wd. FredericksbUig.
P. Corporal.

P. Corporal; wd. andpr Fredericksb'g.
P. Corp'l; wd & pr. N. M. Xrds.; to "E"
191; wd. &pr. July8,'64;d'dendofwar
P. Corp'l; dr. in Pamunkey River.
P. Corporal.

John Good

Disability Nov. 5, '63. .

Exp. service

Re-enlist Vet

John A. Walker

James M. Allen

Richard Fleming

Musicians.

Drowned June 4, '64..
Disability Dec. 15, '62..

Exp. service

John Irlam

Wagoner.
Wm. Hock . ....

Wagoner
Private...

Unk.. ..
Private...

Unk

Private..

Unk

itecruit. .
Private.. .

Recruit . .

Disability Jan. 27, '62 .
Ssp. service

P. Corporal.

Privates.

Wm. P Austin

Deserted June 1, '63. .
By G. C. M. Feb. 20, '64
Disability Feb. 22, '62..

Killed in action

Disability July 21, '63.

Wd. and pr. Mechanlcsville.
Wd. South Mountain.

Wm. H. Barnes

John Bates

John Beat ty

Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads.

George F. Black

Re-enlist Vet

Deserted date unk

Disability Nov 5.63..
Deserted Oct. 1, '62...
Deserted date unk..

To " E " 190; died of wds. Sept. 11, '64.

Wd. Fredicksb'g; tr. to Vet. V. Corps.

Tr. to Vet. R. Corps.

Wd and pr. F'd'g; to 190; d'd tad of war

Lewis Boston

Isaac Bumburgh

Lemuel Burbaker

John Bryan

David Campbell

David H. Carpenter. .
John Clunghart,

Re-enlist Vet

Wd. AntiPtam; to 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64;
dis'd end of war.

George Carter. . . .

Disability date unk. . .

To "E" 190; pr. '64; detached.

" pr. Aug. 19,'64; d'd end war
Wd and pr. F'd'g; to "E" .90; died in
pr. Nov. 16, "64.

John A De Wolf

Re-enlist Vet

John Donohue

Exp. service

Christian Frankhouser

"^e-en^stVet

To"H"190;pr.Aug.l9,'64;d'dJune21,'65
Wd. 2dB. Run; died of wds. May 13, '64.

Edward Fuller

Wm. Fulton

Dfserted June 1, '63...
Died May 13, '64. . ..
Deserted June 1, '63.. .
Disability Dec. 15, '62. .

Killed in action

He-enlist Vet

Disability Feb. 28, '62. .
Disability Oct. 24, '62..

Killed in action

Died of wds. May 11, '64

George Fetterman. . . .
Richard Fleming

Killed Fredericksburg.

To 190 (Adam Garnee of "H" 190, killed

George Gorman

Henry Gorman

Aug. 13, '64).

Dis'd by Order War Department.
Tr. fr. "K" Co.; killed Fredericksb'g,
Wd. Wilderness May 6, '64.

John Gurtner

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "D" COMFA:<iY.— Continued.

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

DISCHAEGED.
How and When.

REMARKS.

Rank.

Date.

Frtvates.

George Gurtler

Robert Hall

Recruit..

Unk

Private.. .

Unk ....
Private . .

Unk

Private...

Recruit..
Private...

Recruit..

Private...
Recruit..
Private . .

.\pril, '64..
Unknown.
Aug. 10, '61.

Unknown .
Aug. 10, "61.
Unknown..
Aug. 10, '61.

Aug. 29, '61
Aug. 10, "61

Feb. 11, '64.

Aug. 10, '61.
Feb 29, '64.
Aug. 10, '61.

By transfer

Deserted date unk

Deserted July 10, '62..

Exp. service

Deserted date unk
Disability Sept. l."63..
Deserted date unk
Disability July 18, '62.
Re-enlist Vet

^y transfer

Exp. service ...

To "E" 190; died in prison.

Thomas Hdll

John Holt

Charles U=iines

John E. Harnes

James Helbert

Peter H^-nseler

Wd. 2d B. Run; pr. May 8, '64; to "K"

190; Burv. war.
To Signal Corps Aug. 29, '61.
Detached.

John Hudgeon

Richard Hughes

Died Dec. 10, '61

Bv transfer

Deserted Oct. 1, '62...
Exp. service

Died at Georgetown, D. C.
To An,'y July 18, '63.

Wd. and pr. Mechanicsvlle.
Wd. N M X roads.

Nicholas Krouse

George Kugler . .

Samucl Lessly

Alex Leibv

Henry G. Lewis

Jo-eph W Long

Edward Lyons
Francis F. Mann

By Sec. War Nov. 26, "ee
Re-enlist Vet

To 190; died at Goldsboro, N. C. (?).

John Mahrters

Exp. service. ...

Harri-on McTabe

Thomas >U-Cord

Hugh Mc'Joy

Samuel McDaniels

Rest'd fr. deser

Died of wounds

Killed in action

By transfer

Tr. to 190; deser. from 190 Aui? 1.5, '64.
Wd. 2d B. Run; diedi.t Al. x. Sept. 18, '62
Wd. N. .M. X roads; killed 2d B. Run.
To Art'y Aug. 1, '62.

Wm. McF,.rland

Killed in action

Missing SoutTi ounta'n.

George Mi-Lain

Exp. service

Wd. and pr. Fiederick^burg.

John McLeister

Disability Nov. i, '61 !
Re-enlist Vet

Wd. and pr. Fredericksburg.

To "E " 190; disc'd Tune 5, '6.5; rr. '64.

Edward Miller

George M lltr.

christian Moorhead...
John Murptu'

Killed by accident

Disability May 23, '62..

Kihed by companion Sept. 25, '61.

John Quinn. ..
Valenuue Quenzler. . .

Wd. and pr. Fred'b'g; tr. to V R C.
Wd. and pr. Fred'b'g; to 190; disc'd end

Re-enlist Vet

Thomas Ray

By transfer

Exp. service

of war.
To "E " 190; disc'd for wds. June 8, 65;

Samuel Eedfern

pr. '64.
Detached.

Samuel Keichert

By transfer

To 190; disc'd end of war.

Robert Simpson

Kiled in action

Missing in action

Deserted date unk. . , .
Disability Den. 3, '62. . .

Deserted date unk

Exp. service

Sec. War Oct. 24, '62..
Disability Feb. 17, '63..

Killed in action

Exp. service

Killed Gaines Mills.

Missing Bristoe Station Oct. 14, '6.3.

Det'd to Signal Corps Aug. 29, 61.

Killed Fredericksburg.
Wd 2d BuURu .

James Shieffer

George Shoemaker

Thomas Skidmore...

Edward Stevens

Adam Strauser

Theodore Spaulding..
Richard L. Tell

Re-enlist Vet....

To " E" 190; died pr. date unknown.

Philip Weaver

Charles Woodall

Disability Oct. 14, '62..
Disability Oct. 22, '62

To U. S. Art'y Nov. 25, '62.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "E" COMPANY.

MA.ME AKD RANK.

Captains.

John J. riorn

Francis Schelling. .

1st Lieutenants.

Muster-in.

Eanli.

Edward Keily

James C. Faclienthal.

2d Lieutenant.

Wm. Lind

1st Sergeants.

John Haggerty

James Johnson

Wm. R. Kidd

Sergeants.

Theodre Hance

William Kuch

John Herp

Wm. F. Keller.

Reuben L. Miller..

Henry Hess

James Cummiskey.
John Williams

Corporals.

Captain. .
1st Lieut.

2d Lieut.
Sergeant,

1st Serg..
Corporal.
Sergeant.

Corporal

Private .

Corporal.

Private..

Aug. 10. '61

James Taylor

Chr. F. < estrincher.

Wm. I. Keuhner

Jesse Koseberry

David Campbell

James H. Coffin

Samuel Tolan

Daniel H. Laubach. . .

Aaron Rossler

Geo . Derhammer —
George Ketchledge . . .

Jackson H. Messinger .

Wm. H. Weaver I Recruit.

Date.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

REMARKS.

Resigned Feb. 17, '62

Esp. service P. Caot. Mar. 10, '62; wd. 2d Ball Run;

tr. to Y. R. Corps Sept. 1, '63.

Musicians.

Thomas Duffin..
John A. Wolf...

Wagoner.
Aaron E. Bsisel . . .

Privates.
Robert G. Barnes.

Joseph Barros..
John Barry —
Lackboli Beck.

Max Bertrand

Joseph Bird

Wm. H. Bodley —

John H. Buran

Daniel Biownell...
Jacob M. Buchter.

Ramsay Case

Hoffman Connor. . .
Chatles Custard...
James Devine

Wm. Dice

Casper E'^helsteiu. . .

Daniel Eli

Josiah Etileman —
San-lers Everett —

Adam Fisher

PaulH Fishel

Wm Frederick

Jarvis Gould

David H. Graham...

Math iVf Haase

Wm. Handwork —
Wm. F. Uandwoik. .

Musician

Wagoner

Privat^e...

May 18,
\ug. 10,

Disability Jan. 17, '6-3.
Exp. service

Disability Dec. 23, '63.

Exp. service

Dis. wds., Dec. 15, '62.

P. 1st Lt. Mar. 14. '62; wd. Antietam. (?)
P. 2d Lt. Mar. 14, '62; 1st Sgt. Oct., '61;

1st Lt. May 1, '63; Bvt. Capt. for

G-^ttvsburg.
P. 1st Sgt Jan. 1, '63; 2d Lt. May 1,'63.

Detatched.

P. 1st sgt.; pr. Gaines Mill.

P. 1st Sgt. Apr., '62; wd. 2d Bull Run.

'61

Disability Apr. 24, '62..
Exp. service

Deserted Sept. 30, '6 .
Exp. service

Missing in action

By transfer

Died Nov. 1, 1861

Exp. service

Dis wds. Dec.'l5, '62..

Oied Dec. 20, '63

Killed in action

Died of wds. Oct. 16, '62
Jy transfer

Killed in action

U.ed Dec. 27, '63

Exp. service.

Re-enlist Vet

Deserted Sept. 24, '61 .

25, '62.

Re-en'ist Vet

Exp. service

Deserted Oct. 5, '61.. .

By transfer

Exp. service

Dis;^bilicy Apr. 12, '63
Deserie 1 June 1, '63.

Exp. service

Deserted Aug. 21, '62

Killed in action

Exp. service

Killed in action

Desert' d Feb. 3, '63. .

Re-enlist Vet

Killed in action

Died Sept. 7, '62

By transfer

Deserted Aug. 24, '61.
Disability Mar. 3, '63

Exp. service

Killed in action

Exp. service

P. Sgt. Sept 1, "63; wd. Mechan'ville,

Antietam, Bristoe Station and Spott-

sylvania; ab. atM-o.
P. Sergeant.
P. S.:t.; wd 2d Bull Run; to V. R. Corps

Sept 1, '63.
P. Sgt.; wd. and pr. Fredericksburg.
P Sgt. Jan. 1, '63.
P. Sgt.; prisoner; date unknown.
P. Corp'I and Sgt.; wd. Antietam and

Fredericksburg .

'Ussing at Gaines Mill.
I'o Signal Corps Sept. 15, '63.
Died at Camp Pierpont. '

P. Corporal.

P. Curporal; wd. 2d Bull Run.

P. Corp'I; died at Warrington Junction.

P. Corporal; killed at Antietam.

P. Lorp'l; killed at Spottsylvania May

11, '64.
P. Corporal; wd 2d Bull Run
To 190; p. Corporal; died, date unkn.

Killed at Gaines Mill,
etached; died at Washington, D. C.

P. Mus. and Corp'I; tr. to V. R. Corps
Feb. 19, '64.

To " A " 190; died pr. at Saulsburv Jan-
£6, '65.

Wd. Mechanics ville; to 190 (no record
in 190); surv. war.

To 6th U. S Cavalry Deo. T, '62.
Tr. from "K" Co.

Wd. Fredericksburg; ab. at M-o.

KiUedat2dBullRun.

Tr. fr. "K" Co.; wd. Spottsylvania

Mav It, '64; ab. at M-o.
Killed at 2d Bull Run.

Wd. Antietam; died May, '64.
Ki led Mechanicsville.
Wd. 2d Bull Run; died of wounds.
Trans to P. M.; date unknown

Tr. fr. " K " Co.; killed ai Antietam.
Killed at Gaines Mill.
Killed at Fredoricksburg.
Wd. 2d Bull Run.

MUSTER-OUT FIOLL OF "E" COMPANY— Cojitimied.

NAME AND RANK.

Privates.

Wm. natden

John }i . Uuinmel

Win. Ivy

Warren H. Joliae...
Edward Kimble. . . .
Josiah Kirkendall. . .

Sidney Kucliuer

Jeremiah Kleiu

John W. Leffel

Edward Leidy

Jacob Leidy

Barney Maloy

John May

Thomas McCormick.

Jacob Moyer . ...

Jacob Muffly

Amadus Miller

Georgre A . Miller

Fort \y. Nicholas

Robert Nolf

John Nuunemacher.

Michael O'Brien

Sullivan Otto

Isaac Peifer

James Pilkington...

Wm. Raub

Calvin Heed

George Retzler

Lewis Roth

Paul Roth

Thomas Ruth

Wm. H. Santee

Lewis H. Sassaman.

Lewis Schenk

Wm. Schooley

Philip Seagler

Patr'ck Shine

Stephen Sholes

Christian F. Smith..

Joseph Sny<ier

Peter S. Snyder. ...

Urias Stahr

Lewis Stein

Robert W. Surrlll...

Benj Tallman

Charles R. Teelin...

Samuel Traugh

Wm. Traugh

Joseph Trexler . . , . . .

Benj.Troxell

George Troxell

John P. Troxell

George Walls

Robert Warner

John Waucht

John B.Wilson.

Albert Wi=e

Robert White

John Worman

John Younkins

Muster-in.

Rank.

Private .

Recruit.

Private .

Recruit .
Priva.e.

Recruit.
Piivaie.

Recuit
tTivate .

Recruit.

Pr»vaie .

Recruit,
.^rivate.

Recruit,
r'rivate .

Recruit.
Private.

Recruit.
Private .

Recruit.

Private.
Recruit.

Private .

Recruit .

Date.

r.Ug. 10,'61.

July 22, '64.
Aug. 6, '(53.
Aug. 10, '61

Feb. 15,'64.
Aug. 10, '61.

Jan 22, '64.
Aug. 10.'61.

Jan. 22, '64.
Aug. 10,'61.

Jan. 25, '64
Aug. lu,'61

Jan. 22,'65
xug 10, 61

reb. 8, '64.
-A-ug. 10, '6 1

Jan. 18, 64.
Feb. 22, '64.
Aug. 10,'ul.

Jan. 22, '64
Aug. 10,'61

Feb. 6, '64.

Aug. 10, '61.
May 18, '64

Aug. 10. '61

Feb. 8, '64.

Deserted June 1, '63..

Exp . service

Desert d Aug 11, '01.

By transfer

Deserted Nov. 27, 't3.

iJy transfer

Disability Mar. 22, 'G4.

By transfer

Exp. service

Died Oct. 2, '62

Reenlist Vet

Kxp. service

Disability Oct. 6, '62.
Disability Dec. 6, '02..

Exp. service

Disability Jan. 1, '62.
Jan. 2, '64..

Killed in action

By transfer

Disabilicv Jan. 21, '62.

Exp. service

Killed inaction

By transfer

Disability Aug. 1, '03.
Deserted Sept. 5, '62. .
By transfer

DISCHARGED.
How and M'hen.

Exp. service

Died D c. 15, "62.
Killed in action .

Exp. service. .
Re-enlist Vet.

Deserted Sept. 5, '62. . .

By transfer.

Disability Oct. 15, '02.

lixp. service

Died June 14, 1862

By transfer

Deserted Oct. 1, 'o2

Exp. seivice

Disaoility Mar. 26, 'C3,

Re-enlist Vet

Exp. service

By transfer

Re-en'ist Vet

Deserted Aug. 21, '62
Re-enlist Vet

Exp. service

Killed in action
By transfer .

Deserted July 26, '62.

Exp. service

By transfer

REMARKS.

Detached to Artillery.

To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.

To Navy Feb. 6, '64.

(Troveloti Aug. 29, 'C2.

to 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.

Detached to Navy.

To " A " 190; discharged June 28, '65.

Wd. Mechanicsville and 2d Bull Run,

Killed at Fredericksburg.

r'o 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.

Wd. at Fredericksburg.

issing at Fred'Ksburg ; tr. fr. "K"' Co.
To 190; discharged by Seo'y of War.

To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.
To Bat. " a " 2d U. S. Art'y Oct. 24, '62.

Wd. 2d B. R. and S. M'tn; died of wda.

Xilled at r rederioksburg.

Allied at Todds Tavern.

vVd.. date unknown; tr. to V. R. Corps

Sept. 1, '63.
To "A" 190; di-ehareed June 21, '65.
Co 190; (no recora in 190;.

To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.
Wd. at Mech'ville; discharged for was.
Detached.

Detacned to Signal Corps.
L'o 19 '; discharged by Sec'y of War.
To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.

Wd. Fredericksburg; discharged for

wds.; tr. fr "K" Co.
To '• A " 190; pr.; died Jan. 12, '65.
tr fr. "K " » o.; ab. in arrest at M-o.
To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War.
Died Jan. 27, '64.

To " A " 190; discharged June 28, '65.

l'o " A " 190; v,-d. Mech'ville; pr. Aug.
19, '64; discharged June 7, '65.

Tr. to Vet Res. Corps Mar. 5, '64.

Killed at 2d Hull Run.

L'o '-A" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; dis-
charged June 6, '65.

To Bat "B " Second U. S. Oct. 24. '62

To 190; (no record in 190); discharged
by cecreiary of War.

To Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 15, '63.
l'o Navy Feb. 6, '64.

To •■ A" 190; died in pr. Jan. 21, '64, at
Sau.sbury.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ^'F" COMPANY.

NAME AND RANK.

Captain.

Andrew G. Oliver..

Ist Lieutenants.

John W. Kress

Chill W. Hazzard...

Thomas Linn

2d Lieutenants,

Henry D. J. Bell,...
Johti P Thomas....

1st Sergeant.

Watson Muse

Captain. .

Ist Lieut.
2d Lieut.

Sergeants.

Wm. Fox

John Car-i()ti

James M. Davis

Augustus E. Hessler. .

Alex. Bayne

Joseph M. Ecliley.

Abram Gross,
John Urich...

1st Sergt.
Sergeant

Private..

Sergeant.
Corporal.

Private,,

Unk

Private.

Corporals,

George A. Campbell, , .

John C. Sykes

Eben G. !?mith

Daniel Coughenour... .

Wm. D. Jones

Nelson Mathews

George H. Baer

Wm. Billett ..

Theod .re Campbell. . .

Christopher Neff,
Musicians.

Augustus Fox.
Wm. Smith

Privates.

Robert Axton

Eli Applegate

Samuel Applegate.

Vincent Applegate . . .

Calvin Baer

Jacob Baldwin

Hugh Bayne

Jeremiari Brubaeker.

Allen Campbell.

John Campbell

Humphrey Carson., .

James Caull

James ( hapman

Samuel W. Collins..

James Collins

John M. C. Cravens.

Samuel Cravens

Jacob Culp

Oliver 'ulp

John W. Dutton

Henry Eisle

George Kvans

Joshua Fillmore

Finlej Foster

William Foster

John W. Fex

Louis Ghems

James Halfin

John Henderson

Theodore Hoogh

John Hoover

Muster-in.

Rank.

Unk.

Date.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

REMARKS.

Aug. 10. '61. Exp. service JAb. D. S. at M-o ; wd. Mechanicsville.

" (Resigned Sept. 10, '61..

" jBy transfer 1st Lt. Sept. 10. '61 ; Capt "1" Co. April

i 20, 'OH; wd. Fr>-derifksburtr.
Unknown.. Resigned July 31, "63. 1st Sgt.; 1st Lt. Apr, 20, '63; wd. F'd'b'g.

Aug. 10, '61. Resigned Nov. 15, '62. . jcom'y Sgt. Aug. 31, '61; 2d Lt. Sept, 10,'61
" Exp. service ;2d Lt. April 20, '63,

Corporal.
Private..

Recruit.

Unk

Private.

Recruit.
Private .

Unknown..
Aug. 10, '61.

Disability May 7, '62..
Disability July 8, '63.

Exp. service

Re-enlibtVet

Disability Sept., '62 .,
Re-enlist Vet

Killed in action.

Exp. service

Killed in action.
Exp. service

. '64.

nLTinown .
Aug, 10, '61,

Killed in action

Disabi ity Jan. 13, '63,
Re-enlist Vet

Exp, service.

Re-enlist Vet .

Disability Feb. 28, '63. .
Died of wds. date unk
Re-enlist Vet ,

Exp. service ,

Killed in action

Disability Feb. 1.3, '63 .
Disability Dec 30, '61 . .
Re-enlist Vet

By transfer

Disability date unk..
Disability Jan. 16, '63,
Re-enlist Vet

Feb. 22, '64 . By transfer
Aug. 10, '61. Unknown

Deserted July 1.5, 'f3..
'Deserted Dec. 17, '6'..
iDeserted Jan. 20, '62. .
Disability Nov. 29, '63.
By transfer

Killed In action

lRe-°nlisr Vet

[Disability April 3, '63.
i By transfer

Aug. 2.3, '61.
Aug. 10, '61.

Re-enlist Vet

Killed in action.

1st Sgt. April 20, '63.

Wd. N. M. X roads.

Wd. Antietam; to 190 (no record in 190);

surv. war.
Pr. Aug. 28, '63,
Sgt.-Maj.Apr. 20, '63; to "G" 190: 2d Lt.

Sept 19, '64; never mus'd; pr. Aug. 19,

'64: disc'd June 28, '65.
Corp'l "G" 190; ab. s at M.-o; fr. 190,
Sgt. -'K'' and "B" 190 (no rec. in 190),

Wd. Gaines Mill; killed Antietam,

Pr. and wd. Fredeiicksbuig.

Killed Fredericksburg; P. Sergeant.

Wd 2d Bull Run,
Killed N A. X roads,
Pr. .Aug. v8, '62.

Tu"G"l90:pr.Aug.l9,'64;d'dJune28,'65
To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65; wd, N,

M. X roads.
Wd, Fredericksburg.

To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65.

To 190; disc'd June 28, 65; tr. fr, "K" Co.

Wd. N.'VT.x roads.

To "G" 190; pr. Aug. 19,'C4; disc'd June

1.3, '65.
Wd. 2d Bull Run; detached.
Killed Antietam.

Wd,N,M.Xrds., Antietam and F'd'b'e;

to "G"' 190; pr, Aug. 19, '64; disc'd

June 28, '65.
Wd. Antietam; to "G" 190; pr. Aug, 19,

"64; disc'd June 28, "65.
To 190; disc'd by Sec. War.

Wd.N. M. X r^ads.

To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65.

To 190; di=c'd by Sec. War.
Not on Muster-out Roll,

To U. S. Cavalry Oct. 28, '62.

To "B ' Fifth U. S. Ait'y Aug. 1, '62.

Killed N. M. Xr^ ads.

To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65.

Wd. 2d Bull Run.

To Sixth U. S. Cav"v Oct. 28. '62.

To Second U S. Art'y Dec. 9, '62.

To 190; di-c'd by Sec. War.

To Second US. Art'y Dec. 9, '62.

To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65,

Killed N. M. X roads.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "F" COMPANY.— Continued,

NAME AXD R \NK.

Muster-in.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

T? EM \RKS

R:ink.

1 Date.

Privates.
Thomas Househalder..

Private.. .

Recruit..

Unk

Private...

Unk

Private . .

Recruit..
Private.. .

Unk

Private..
Recruic.

Unk

Private...

Unk

Recruit . .

Unk

Private..

Recruit..
Private..

Aug. 10, '61.

, '64....

Unknown. .
Aug. 10, '61.
Unknown .
Aug. 10, '61.

Aug. 21, '61.
Aug. 10, '01.

Unknown..
Aug 10, '61.
Aug. 23, '61.
Unknown..
.\ug. 10,'61.
Unknown..
Sept. 1. '61.
Feb 2, '64..
Unknown..
Aug. 10, '61.

Feb. 17, '64.
Aug. 10, '61.

By transfe'"

To Second U. S. Art'y Dec. 9, '02.

Killed Spott'y'a May 11, '64; re-enl. Vet.
Killed Antietim.

James Howard

Alfred Hurst

Disability Dee. 30, '01..
Killed in action

By transfer

Cliarles Jones

Tlieophilus Jones

To "B' Fifth U. S. Aug. 1. '62.
To Second U. S. Art'y Dec. 9, '62.
To "G" 190: pr. died of wds. at Peters-
burg Aug. 7, '64.

Wd. 2d Bull Run.

Re-enlist Vet

George Kleinshirts . . .

Disability Jan. 31, '63. .
UisibilityNov. 3, '62.,
Re-enlist Vet

James Lyons. .

To "G" 190; pr. June, '64; surv. war.
To "'G" 19ii; disc'd June 28 '03" wd

Samuel Malone

Disability Sept. 26, '63.
DisabilityMar. 10, '63..
Re-enlist Vet

Gaines Mill.
Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads.

Clifford Mattox

To 190 (no rec. in 190): (A Clifford Mattox
on Roll of Honor May 22, '64); sup. to
have surv. war.

To I'jO; disc'd by Sec. War.

Wm. McAndrey

vVm. McCready

John McCrolus

Died date unknown. . .
Deserted Jan. 30, '63...
Disability Aug. 13, '62..
Exp. service

Wd. Fredericksburg.

To 190; disc'd June 28 '65

Joseph McPeely

John E. Mclntyre

A'lam E. McKelvy

Robert McKelyy

Wm. McQuancy

lie-enlist Vet

By transfer

To 19 i; disc'd by Sec. War.

Re-enlist Vet

Died Dec. 14, '61

Exp. service ..

Deserted date unk

Dec. 30. '62

Wd. Antietam; to "G" 190; pr. .lUg. 19,

'64; disc'd June 28, '65.
\t Camp Pierpont.
Wd. South Mountain.

Charles Morrow

George Murry

Cause of disc, unk ; wd 2d B Run.

Emanuel Neff, Sr

Re-enlist Vet

To "G" 190; disc'd June 2S, '65.

By transfer

To Sixth U. S. Com'y Oct. 28, '62.

John Neff

John Oble

Died date unknown, . .
Disability Feb. 14, '63..
liy transfer

John Orelly

Wm. Painter

To 190; ab. s. at M-o.

Wm Pamler

Disc'd by Sec. War date unknown.

Exp . service

Detached to Art'y.

Abram Pennman

John Prescott . . .

Suicided Aug., '62

Exp. service

James Redmond

Robert Russell

Died of wds. Oct. 6, '62.

Exp. service.

Re-eiillst Vet

Wd 2d Bull Run.

Wd. Fredb'g; to V. R. C; ab. at M-o.

To "G" 190; disc'd June 2S, '6j.

Samuel Sloan

Disability Feb. 4, '63. .
Re-enlist Vet

George Soles . .

To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65.

Nelson Soles

Disability date unk...
For wds. Jan 6, '63...

By transfer

Diedofwds. Feb. 12,'63
Deserted date unk . .

Wd. Antietam.

John Steiss

To 190; disc'd bv Sec. War.

John Stoneman

George Strohm

Benjamin Tipton

John Tyler

Wd. Fredericksburg.

Wd. 2d Bull Run; died May 4, '64.

Killed in action

Died of wds. Dec. 27, '63

Killed Antietam.

J )hn Umberger

Wd. Fredericksburg.

Tr. to 43d Penn. April, '6i.

George Webster

Eli Wilson

Disability June 2, '62..

Died Jan. 22, '6?

Died Dec. 14, '6:

Died at Richmond; pr. Fredericksburg.
Died ac C amp Pierp ut.

Robert Whigham

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "G" COMPANY.

NAME AND RANK.

Muster-in.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

REMARKS.

Rank.

Date.

Captains.
Charles W. Diven.....

Captain. .

1st Lieut.
~M Lieut.
Sergeant.

1st Set.
Sergeant.

Corporal.

Private . .

Unk

Private..

Corporal.

Aug. 10, '61.

Unknown. .
Aug. 10, '61.

Oct. 18,'61.
Aug. 10,'61.

Feb. 27, '64.
Mar. 1, '64.
Aug. i0,'61.

Feb. 15, '64.
Aug. 10, '61.

By promotion

Major Apr. 19, '64; Col. 200 Penn.; Bvt.
Brigadier-General.

Killed N. M.X rds; 1st Lieut. Sept. 1 '61,
2d Lieut. Sept. 1,'61; Ist Lieut. May 1,'63.

1st Sgt. Oct. 10, '62; 2d Lieut. May 1,'63;
wounded N. M. X roads and Fred'b'g.

Wd . N. M. X roads and Antietam.
P. 1st Sergeant.

Ut. Lie^itenants.

James K. Miller

Wm. W. Arnold

George Huber

2d Lieutenants.

Nathan Carman

Ist Sergeants.

James L. McClure —
George W. Ebaugh ..

Sergeants.

Henry Gise

Res. Sept. 1. '61

Killed in action

Exp. service

Diedof wds Oct. 9, '62
Exp. service

Re-enlist. Vet

John Conway

George C. Bush

Isaac D. Cullemeny. .

Corporals.

Charles Palmer

Hiram Kendig

P. Sgt.; wd. Spottsylvania May 8. '64.
Wd. Fred'b'g; to " F " 190; died of wds.

Exp. service

Disability May 26, '62.

May 21, '62.

Exp. service

date unknown.
Wounded May 8, '64.

Wd. N. M. X roads and Fred'b'g.

Augustus L. Hursh.

Henry Balsi

John D. Campbell —
Ambrose Ensminger..

Jacob Shannon

Daniel D. Bailey

Christians. Wagner..

George Writer

Eli Harnish

Di.sability Mar. 4, '63.

Ke-enlistVet

Exp. service

Wd. Au?. 27, '62; ab. at M-o.

Died of ■wd8.'Oct.'8,'62.

Killed in action

Exp. service

Wd.'& pr. Gaines Mill; tr. fr. "K"Co.
Killed bouth Mountain.

Disability Feb. 20, '63

Exp. service

Disability Mar. 4, '63..

Mar. 80, '64.
Re-enlist Vet

Wounded South Mountain.

Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads.

P. Drum-Major Mar. 22, '62.

Musicians.

Daniel Kepman . . . .

Wagoners,

William Gibbs

William Wetzel

Privates.

George Albert

Paris W. Albert

Private..
Wagoner

Private...

Recruit..
Private..

Recruit..
Private . .

To 190 (no record in 190).

Disability Oct. 20, '62
Mar. 15,'63.

Exp. service

Dii^abilityJan. 26, '63.

Exp. service

Disability Feb. 20, '63.
Unknown. .

Wounded Gettysburg.

Wash. Alexander

William Bettinger

Exp. service

Disability f)ct. 10, '63.

Feb. 2;^ '63.

July 18, '62

Re-enlist Vet

Exp. service

Wd. and pr. N.M. X roads; ab. at M-O.

Eredericli Bongey

Samuel Breneman...

George B.Brown

Michael , Burger

Wounded, date unknown.

Ft " K " Co. to "F"' 190; pr. Aug. 1,'64.
Wounded Fredericksburg.

Dibubility Jan 23, '63..

Amas Day

John A. buffleld

Winfleld J. Duffleld...

William Eaton

William K. Eaton....

David Ehrman

Wilsi.n Everall

James Eiltenberger. . .

Wilson (*. Fox

William R. Fox

John B. Fry

To " F " 190; discharged June 28. '65.

To 190 (no record in I'JO); wounded '64.

Re-enlist Vet

Fr. "K" Co.to "P" 190; died pr. at

Exp. service

Disability Aug. 10, '61.
Aug. 29, '61.

Exp. service

He enlist Vet

Saulsbury Nov. 12, '64.
To Vet. Res. Corps.

Died.

To 190 (no record in 190).

Exp. service

Died of wds Oct. 2.'62.

Exp. Fervice

Di.«ability Sept. 7. '62.
D'dof wds. Sept. 18, '62
Disability July 18, '62.
Deserted Oct. 21. '62..
Disability Feb. 20, '63
By transfer

Fr. " K " Co.; deta'-hed.
Wd. Antietam; fr. " K " Co.

Arthur E. Fulton

Henry Gable

Pr. Gaines Mill.
Wounded Antietam.

John Gantz

Moses Gardner

Arnum Gegler

To " F " 190; disc'd June 28, '6V

Michael Haley

Solomon C. Hampson
Jacob Hanefins

Re-enlist Vet

Dis^abihty JulylS, '63..
Deserted Aug. 10, '61.
Re-enlist Vet

To " F " 190; disc'd June 28, '65; pr. '64.
To "F "190; disc'd; June 28. '65.

Henry Harman

Nicholas B. Heim

D'dof wds. Oct. 3, '62.

Wounded Antietam.

Fr. " K " Co.; wd. Fredericksburg.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF " G " COUFA'NY.— Continued.

NAME AND RANK.

Privates.

Cornelius Hoover . .
Frederick Ingles.. .

James Isenberg

Jacob Kaylor

George Kenny

Andrew Kiuter

Washington Laird. .
Christian C . Leib . . .
George W. Lowe...

Ira E. Lowe

Tolbert Lowe

Edward Mackinson

John A. Marks

James Martoe

Wesley McCleary..
Archibald McMonagle
Wm. M 'ntzbeiger...

George Messmore

Charles Montgomery.

James Morrison

Charles Moyer,

Wm. H. Myers

James Osborn

Jeremiah Parison

James Quimberg.

John Rorabough

Sawin

Orlando Simpson

Muster-in.

Rank.

Augustus Shaeflfer. . .

Joseph Shaeffer

David Shirk

Samuel SKipt«er

George W. Smith

Henry Smith

Richard Sneath ,

George F. Steading..

James Stevenson

Robert Stevenson

Charles Stewart

John Tennis

David Torbert

Adam Waltemeyer . . .

John Waltemeyer

Lewis Waltemeyer

Peter Whalen .

Thomas H.White

Washington Williams .

John Wisser

Henry Zorger

Private.,

Recruit.
Private.

Unk

Private.

Date.

Aug. 10, '61.

Deo. 30,'63.
Aug. 10, '61.

Jan. 15, '62.
Aug. 10, '61.

Unknown..
Aug' 10,'61.

Recruit .
Private..
Recruit.
Private.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

Re-enlist Vet

Deserted June 26, '63, ,
D'dofwds.Dec. 13,'6a

Exp . service

D'clofwds. Oct. 1, •62.

Exp. service

D'dofwds. Oct. 28,'62
Re-enlibt Vet

Deserted June 1, '63.

Sept. 24, '63

Exp. service

Deserted Dec. 31, '63.
Exp. service

Died Nov. 3, '63

Disability Mar. 20, '6i

By transfer

Disability Dec. 27, '62.

Died July 4, '63

Disability May 21, '62

Exp. service

Re-enhst Vet

Died, date unknown.

Re-enlist Vet

Unknown

Re-enlist Vet

Exp. service.

Disability Sept. 23, '62.
Disability Oct. 15. '62..
Disability Mar. 6, '63..
Disability Feb. 20, '63
D'dof wds. July 26, '62
Re-enlist Vet

Feb. 15, '64.
.\ug. 10, '61.
Unknown..
Aug. 10, '61.

Unk

Private .

Unknown .

D'sability Oct. 32, '62.

Exp. service

D'dof wds. Dec. 13,'f:2

By transfer

Disability Apr. 28, '63.

Killed in action

Disability June 19, '63.
Jan. 18, '62.

Exp. service

Killed in action

REMARKS.

Aug. 10,'61. Exp. service.

To " F " 190; pr. '64; disc'd June 88. '05.

Wd. Mechanicsville; wd. & pr. Fred'b'g.

Wounded at Antietam.

Prisoner Aug. 28, '62.

To 190 (no record in 190).

To " F " 100; disc'd June 28, '65.

Prisoner Fredericksburg.

To 190 (no recoKl in 190).
Wounded New Market Cross roads.
Pr. N. M. X roads; wd. South Mountain.

Wd. Fred'b'g; to "F" 190; d'd pr. Not.

22, '64 at Saulsbury.
Wounded Fredericksburg.
To 190 (no record in 190).

To " P " 190; died pr. Feb. 15, '65; pr.
at Saulsbury.

Corporal; pr. New Market Cross roads.
Died.

Wounded Aug. 38, '62 (?).
To"F^'190;pr. d. Nov. 19,'64atSanlsb'y.
To "F" 190; pr. d. Nov. 2,'&4 at Saulsb'y.

Wounded Fredericksburg.

Wounded and prisoner Fredericksburg.

To 190; discharged June 28, '65.

Killed Spottsylvania May 10, '64.

Died; wounded Mechanicsville.

Died.

Prisoner Spottsylvania May 10, '64.

Killed Fredericksburg.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "H" COMPANY.

MA.ME AND R\.NK

Muster-in.

DISCHARGED
How and When.

REMARKS

Rank.

Date.

Ca2)tains.
Andrew J. Bolar

Samuel L. Elder

1st Lieutenants.
Wm. H. H. Kern

Captain. .
1st Lieut.

2d Lieut.
1st Lieut.

1st Sergt.

Sergeant.

Corporal.
Private...

Corporal.

Private ..

Musician
Recruit . .

Wagoner

Private. . .

Recruit..
Private . .

Unk

Private . .

Unk

Private . .
Recruit..
Private . .
Recruit..
Private . .

Unk

Private . .

Aug. 10. 61,

Oct. 16, '61.
Aug. 10,'61.

Aprll,^ '68..
Aug.^l0,'61.

Unknown..
Aug. 10, "61.

Unknown .
Aug. 10. '61.
April, '62
Aug. 10,'61.
April, '62..
Aug.^l0.'61.

Unknown..
Aug.^l0,'61.

Disability for wounds

Jan. 30, '64.
Exp. service

April28, '64

Com. Maj. July 8, '62 (N. M.); wd. and

pr. Fredericksburg,
Com. Capt. July 8, '62; Capt.'Feb. 6, '64;

iivt. Maj. for Wilderness.

How dis. unkn : Com. 1st Lt. July 8,'62;

1st Lt. Mar. 22, '64; wd. G.M. and F'b'g.

Not on M-iu roll on return for Aug., '61.

Com. 2d Lt. July 8, '62; not m't'd; pr.
ijraines Mill.

P. H>sp. Stew'd Nov. 8, '61; (see staff).
Wounded May 8, '64.

Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads.
Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Wd. at Bristoe St'n; to 190; pr. Aug. 19,

"64; discharged at end of war.
Killed at Fredericksburg.

Tr. to Vet . Res. Corps May 1 '64

James T. Kelly

2d Lieutenant.
Franklin Harner

Resigned Aug. 3, '63 . .
Exp. service

Sergeants.

By transfer

Thomas W. Dick

Mowry T. Moorehead.
Watson R. Bracken . . .

Exp. service

Disability Oct. 31, '62.
Died of wds. ; date unk.
Exp. service

Re-enlist Vet

John P. Griffith

Corporals.

Killed in action

Exp. service

John C. Lardin

DisabiUcy Deo. 13, '62 .
Exp. 'Service

Prisoner Aug. 29, '62.

Wd. 2d BuU Run; wd. and pr. F'burg.

Samuel Cunningham..
George W Robertson
Henry W. L. Drips....

Disability Dec. 26, '62.

May 7, '63...

Re-enlist Vet

For wds.; wd. 2d Bull Run.

For wda.; wd. N. M. X rds. and F'burg.

To 190; (no record in 190); dis end of

By promotion

war; Com Sergt; (see staff;.
P. Sgt Maj. and 1st Lt. "I" Co.; (see

Exp. service

"l"Co.).

iSamuel H. McNett ....

Re-enlist Vet

Wounded N. M. X roads.

To 190; d. pr. Jan. 17, '65, at Saulsbury.

Wd. 2d BuU Run; pr. Fredericksburg.

To 190; discharged at end of war.

James D. Goal

Musicians.

James Sponevberger . .

Samuel W. Drips

Wm Wetzel

Exp. service

Deserted Aug. '61

Re-enlist Vet

By transfer

Disability Feb, 25, '62.

Dis. wds. Sept. 29, '62..
Dis. wds. Jan. 23, '63.

Exp. service

Killed in action

Exp. service

To 190; discharged Got. 16, '64.

Wagoner.

Edward Stephens

Privates.

Wm Altimus

Wm W. Altimus

Benjamin F. Angus...
David W Barkley

Wd. Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill.
Wounded at South Mountain.

Killed at Fredericksburg.
Detached.

Disabil . ; date unkn . . .

Joseph Barry

Valentine Barry

Enoch Benson

Foster Bracken

To " E " 190; pr. ; d. at S'b'v Feb. 30, '65.

To"R"190;pr; d in pr ;"<iatft nnkp ,

D. of wds. Nov. 12,'62.
Disability June 20, '62.

Wounded at Antietam."

Wd. at Fredericksburg; detached.

John N. Cameron

JohnW. Campbell —

Wm. M. Campbell

John M. Carpenter. . .
Timothy Connelly —
George G. Cribbs

Disability Aug. 22,"'62.
Re-enlist Vet

Detached.

Prom "K" Co.

To 190; died nr ; date unknown.

Tr. from "K " Co.; detached.

Disability Oct. 15, '63..

Exp. service

By transfer

Disability Mar 11. '62.
Diedof wds. Jan.5,'63.

Exp. service

Killed in action.... .. .

Disability for wounds.
Exp service

Detached .

To " E " 190; died April 1, '65, at Camp

Albert S. Devlin

George W. Dick

Thompson Dick

Andrew J. Duncan

A. Evans

Parole, Aimapulis.
Died at Camp Pierpont.
Wounded at Fredericksbuig.
Detached.

Killed at 2d Bull Run.
Date of discharge unknown.

Robert C. Edlebute . .

Joseph Falcon

Samuel J. Ferguson..

Dis. wds. Nov. 10, '63 .
Exp. service

Wounded at South Mountain.

By transfer

Exp. service

To 100; discharged at end of war.
Wf'Uuded at Fredeiicksburg.

Wd. 2d B. R.; to " E " 190; dis. end war.

Wm. H. Gamble

Disabilitv Dec. 30, '61.

Jedidiah Grover

John J. Grossmire. ..
Jacob Grumbling

nisabilityDsc. 28, '61

Bv transfer

Disability Dec 31. '62.

To Fifty-first Penn. Oct. 29, 61.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "H" COMPANY— Con/m?<e<i.

NAME AND RANK.

Privates.

Wm. Grumbling...
Wm. M. Heddeu. . .
Isaac J. Hamliu

Alex. N. Hart

Joseph D. Henderson.
JapnerD. Hildebrand

Thomas Hogan

Wm. Junkius

John Lawson

Wm. Makin

James Mardis

George Martin

Calvin Martin

Benjamin May

James McClure

James McDonald . . .
Michael McLau;rhlin
Alex. R. McMillen.,

Joseph Mentzger

Stohler Mentzger

Wm. Mentzger

Steward Meredith . . .

George Murritts

Henry Murritts

Archibald Miller. ..
David H. Oberdorf..
Francis Oberdorf...
Harvey Oberdorf...
Henry Painter

Thomas Painter ....

Alex. Ream

Wm. Ream

Wm. Reckord

Bennet Rode

Jeremiah H. Rode. . .
Archibald M. Rodgers
David S. Simpson.
Bemadine B. Sherman
Henry Sherman . , . .
Wm. B. Somers...

Oliver Sproul

George W. Stouteagle

James S. Stewart. . .
Robert B. Stewart .

Robert Stunkard

John Swarts waller. .
James E. Thomas . .

James F . Tomb

Henry Waliemeyer.

Wm. Waltemeyer. . .
John W . Williams .
Joseph Williams ...
Sanfnrd Williams...
AbelnegoB. Wilson
Andrew Wolf

Muster-in.

Eank.

Privat" .
{ecruit.
Private.

Private .

Recru't
Piiva.e.

Recruit .
Private

Recruit .
Private.

Recruit.
Private .

Recruit .
Private .

Recruit.
Private .

Date.

Aug. 10.'61.
\pril, '62..
Aug. 10, '61.

.\ug. 10, '61

April, '62.
Aug. 10, '61

April, '68.,
.^ug. 10, '61

April. '62..
Aug 10, '61,

Oct., '62
Aug. 10, '61.

April, '62..
Mar. 19,'62.
Aug. 10,'61

Feb. 13,'64.
Aug. 10. '61

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

Exp. service

Disability April 1, '68
Re-enlist Vet

Exp. service

Disability Dec. 5, '62. .

Exp. service

Deserted July 15, '63.
Exp . service

Killed in action .
Exp. service . . .
Killed in action .

Re-enlist Vet

Disability Dec. 23, '61.

By transfer

Exp. service

Killed in action

Re-enlist Vet

Diedof wds. July6,'62,
Disability April 12, '63
Died of wds.May 16. '64
Disability Oct. 8, '62. .

Exp. service

Disability Oct. 15, '62
KiUed in action
Disability Dec. 24, '61.

Killed in action

Re-en'.ist Vet

Dis. wds. Jan. 28, '63.
Dis. wds. Oct. 22, 'o2.
Di -ability date unkn.

Killed in action

Exp. service

Dis. wds. Feb. 20, '63.

By transfer

Killed in action

Exp. service

Killed in action

Re-enlist Vet

Dis. wds. May 16, '63.
Exp. service. ... .

Disability Oct. 13, '64

Killed in action

Died Mar. 21, '62 . . .

Exp. service

Re-enlist Vet

By transfer

Re-enlist Vet

Dis. wds. Oct. 13, '63.
Exp. service

Re-enlist Vet

REMARKS.

Wd. Mechanicsvllle and Gaines Mill; to
190; discharged at end of war.

Pr. Fredericksburg; wd. May 8, '64.

Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Killed at 2d Bull Rue

Wd. Anti'^tam; killed Spottsylvania,

Mav 12, '64.
To 190; (no record in 190).

To " F " 190; (deserted).
Wounded June, '62.

Killed at N. M. X roads.
To 190; discharged at end of war.
Wounded at N. M. X roads.
Prisoner N. M. X mads.
Wounded May 10, '64; re-enlist Vet.

Wd. Mays, '62; absent sickatM-o.

Wd. and pr. N.M.X rds.; k. Antietam.

Killed at N. M. X roads.

To 190; pr. Aug 19, '64; discharged at

end of war.
Wounded at Antietam.

Wounded at Fredericksbu'-g.

Pr. Fredericksburg; k. Spottsylvania.

Wounded 2d Bull Run.

Wd. N. M. X rds. and Fredericksburg.

To " E " 193; died pr., date unknown.

Killed at South Mountain .

Wounded at Fredericksburg.

KiUed at South Mountain.

Ft. "K" Co.; to 190; died Nov. 19, '64;

prisoner at Saulsbury.
Wounded at Antietam .
Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Died at Georgetown.
Wd. N.M. X rds.; k. at Spottsylvania.
.^t Camp Pierpont.

Wounded and prisoner at Pred'burg.
To 190; prisoner Aug. 19,'64: discharged

at end of war.
To 190; pr.; how discharged unkown.
To 190; (no rec. in 190); dis. end of war.
Groveton, Aug. 29, '62.
From "K" Co.; prisoner at Fred'burg.

To "E" 190; prisoner Aug. 19, '64; dis-
charged Juue 1, 'C5.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "1" COMPANY.

NAME AND RANK.

Captains.

James C. Baker

Chill W. Hazzard....

1st Lieutenants.

Perry O. Etcheson...
Wm. H. Myers

2d Lieutenants.

Samuel J. Cloyd

Frank D. Stevens

Muster-in.

Rank.

1st Sergeants.

Wm. W. Woods..
Joseph R. Duffield.

Andrew J. Demming

Sergeants.
Wm. D. Hancock

David W. Stevens.

David Long

James M. Davis. . .
John Rinker

Corporals.

Abraham D. Long.
Wm. Copenhauer..

Benj. R. Martin...
Joseph A . Thomas .

John P. Butts

Joseph Beers

John B. Chilcoat...
Wm. H. Harris....
EUas B. Wilson....

Musicians.

John Harvey

George Weigiit...

Wagoner.
John Gluck

Privates.
Henry Albert

Seth Alexander

Robert J. Allen

Robert Y. Asken. . . .

George S. Baker

Josiah Baker

Adam Berg

Herman Beyf us

John Black

George B. Bowman.

John Briggs

Wm. H. Caro there.

Thomas O. Cloyd. .

John Cornelius

Robert C. Davis

John C. De Armit. . .
Isaac H. Durboran. .

James A. Elliott

George W. Fleik

James P. Giles

Pe^er Hammon

Aquilla lliiiK-ock

Jeremiah Hancock. . .

Wm. Harvey

Thomas Hicks

Augustus B. Hudson.
Jaroes H. Huntsman.

John E. Johns

Alfred Kelly

T. D. Kelly

Thomas M. Kelly

Captain. .
•id Lieut.

1st Lieut
Private. .

1st Sergt
Private. .

Sergeant.
Private..

Corporal
Private..

Date.

DISCHARGED.
How and When.

April 7, '62. Died Aug. 7, '62.
Aug. 10. '6t. Exp. service

Musician
Private..

Wagoner

Private .

Unk

Private.

April 7, '62.
.\ug. 10, '61.

April 7, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.
April?, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.
April 7, '6^.

REMARKS.

At Harrison's Landing.
Wd. Fred'burg; Capt. April 20, '63; tr.
fr. "F" Co.

Resigned July 18, '62.

Exp. service Tr.fr. Staff; 1st Lt. "I" Co. Apr. 20, '63.

Disa'y wds. Jan. 7, '63
By transfer

Exp. service

By transfer

Killed in action

,1862

Exp. service

Disability date unk .

June 26, 1862.
By transfer..

Aug. 10,
April 7,

Wd. Antietam (lost right arm); 2d Lt.

April 14, '6-,'.
1st Sgt. Apr. 14, '62; 2d Lt. Apr. 20, '63; pr.

Gaines Mill; wd. F'd'b'g; to "D" 190;

1st Lt.; n'rm.; pr. Jime 13, '64. disc'd

June 2,«, '65.
Fr. *'K" Co.; wd. date unknown.
Fr. 1st Sgt. "K" Co.; 1st Sgt. 'T' Co.

April 20, '63.
To 190; pr. Aug. 19,'64 (no further rec).

To 190; wd. N. M. X rds.; wd. at Peters-
burg, '64; disc'd Mar. 28, '65.
Wd. F'd'b'g; k. SpottsylvaniaMay8,'64.
How disc'd unk. ; wd. N. M. X roads.
Tr. to "F"Co.; wd. N. M. X roads.
Died in hospital at Alexandra.

How disc'd unknown.

C'orp'l 'D" 190;pr. Jimel3,'64;dieddate

unknown.
Wd. Mechanicsville
To 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; date of dis. unk.
Fr. "K" Co.
ToCorp'l "D" 190; surv. war.

Unknown

By transfer

Exp. service

By transfer

Disabilitj date unk

By transfer To 190; disc'd May 16, '65

Disability date unk.

iDied Aug. 30, '62.
iBy transfer

Unknown..
April 7, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.
April 7, '62.

Aug. 10, '61.
April 7, '62.
Aug. 10, '61.
April 7, '62.

Disability date unk. . .

By transfer

Disability , '62

Died Aug. 26, '62

Disability date unk. . .

Disability , '62. . . .

Disability May 20, '62. .

By transfer

Died , '63

By transfer

Exp. service

Unknowji

By transfer

Unknown

By transfer

Exp. service

Disability April 24, '63.
By transfer

Disability date unk . . .
Killed at Fred"burtr. . .
Disability date unk . . .

Unknown

Missing

Deserted date unk

By transfer

Disability date unk. . .
Died in hos'l date unk .
Disability , '62

To "D" 190; disc'd June 28, '65.

To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; diflo'd Mar.

28, '65.

In hospital.

To "D" 190: killed in action Jime 18,'64.
In hospital at Alexandra.
To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19,'64Cd'd date unk.
Fr. "K" Co.

To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd May

15, '65.
On detached hos'l duty; disc'd end war.
To "D" 190; pr. died at Saulsbuxy.
Pr. N. M. X roads.

To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; d. at Saulsb'y
Fr. "K" Co.

To "D" 190; disc'd, '65; pr. '64.
To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, 'W; diso'd May
4, '65, to date Mar. 24, '65.

Wd. Mechanicsville.

In Pope's Campaign.

To 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; surv. war.

MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "I" COM.F ANY .—Continued.

NAME AND RANK.

Privates.

Janaes Knobb..
Adam Leerd —

George Leerd

Benj. F. Liveringhouse
John C. Liveringhouse

Daniel Lock

Jonathan Lock

Michael Lynch

Oliver C. Madden.
Wm. Mai one

Wm. A. McCallister.

John McMullen

Jacob Montgomery. .

John J. Myers

Isaac Naugle

George M. Need

George Neflf

Peter Neflf

Henry O'Neal

La Fayette Palmer. . .

Austin Ramsay

Rob't Ramsay

Thomas Ramsay, Jr.

John Riley

Wm. Reichert

Alfred Rutten..

EUsha Rut' en. .
Daniel Roberts.

David Roberts

Ed. H. ShaefPer, . .
(Jeorge F. Shaeffer.

Henry Shaeffer.
John J. Sneath.
W. C. Sneath..

Muster-in.

Rank.

Date.

April 7, '62.

Disability —
iJy transfer.

Aug. 10,
April 7,

Aug. 10, '61
April 7, '62

Jesse Smith

Ellis Snyder

James A. Speaker...

Simon Staubs

Daniel Swartz

Geo. P-. Taylor

Thomas Vaughan

Wm. Walls

Unk.. ..
Private.

Unk

Private.

Henry C. Weight...

John A. Whitman.

Anthony Yohn

George Toung

Jacob A. Young...

Unk

Private.

DISCHARGED.

How and When.

-, '62

REMARKS.

Disability, '62.
By transfer

To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; di.sc'd May

or June, '65; wd. 2d Bull Run.
To"D"]90;pr.Aug. 19,'64;d'dJunel4.'65
;To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; d. at Saulsb'y

'To "D" 190; disc'd at end of service.
To '"D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; died at

Saulsbury .
To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; (no further

record); tr. fr. "K" Co.

To 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd June 9,

'65; wd. Gettysburg (?).
Tr. fr. "K" Co.

Unknown

Deserted, '62 (?) ....
Disability date unk.

Unknown

By transfer To 190; pr. at Saulsb'y; (no further rec.)

Re-enlist Vet [Fr. "K" Co. to 190; disc'd end war.

Exp. service iFr. "K" Co.

Deserted April 8, '62. .

By transfer 'To "A" Co .

" ITo "D" 190; disc'd end of term.

Disability date unk — |

'Died date unknown. . . ;Buried at Alexandria .

iBv transfer ITo "D" 190 (no rec. in 190).

Died date unknown. . . Died in hospital at Alexandria; Injured

I unloading wagon.
Disability date unk . . . |
Unknown

Unknown.
April 7, 'ti2

JBy transfer —

Unknown

Deserted April 23, '62.
By transfer

LTnknown..
April 7, '6;i.

Unknown .
April 7, '0.1,

Aug. 10, '61
April 7, '62

Disability '62

Disability date unK.. .

By transfer

Disability date uuk.. .

Deserted '62 .

Deserted date unk . . .
By transfer

Unknown

Died May 19, '63.

To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd April
27, '65.

To "D" 190; wd. Five Forks April 1,'65;

disc'd June 25, '65.
To Corp'l "D" 19C; disc'd Mar. 28, '65;

wd. May 8. '64.
Pr. Gaines Mill; wd. F'd'b'g; to *'D"

190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd April, '65.
To "D" 190; disc'd Mar. 29, '65; wd.

Spottsylvania.

To "D" 190 (no record in 190).

To "D" 190: disc'd end of war; wd.

Mechanicsville.
Injured Jan. 1, '62; pr. June 27, '62; to

"D" 190; pr. Aug. 19,'64; d'd end war.

Tr. fr. "K" Co.; d'd in bosp'l May 19,'63.
jDied Sept. 22, ''t;2. .'..'.'. {Buried at Alexandria, Va.
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